Low-Carbohydrate Diets: A Matter of Love or Hate

Frigolet, María-Eugenia; Barragán, Victoria-Eugenia Ramos; Taméz, Martha

doi:10.1159/000331994

Cited by 40 publications

(38 citation statements)

References 275 publications

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“…However, other published definitions of LCD disregard the limits set in the AMDR. LCD have been defined as having an upper limit of 40% of total energy from carbohydrate [43, 44]. In absolute rather than proportional terms, LCD have been defined as having less than 200 g of carbohydrate [43].…”

Section: Major Diet Archetypesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…LCD have been defined as having an upper limit of 40% of total energy from carbohydrate [43, 44]. In absolute rather than proportional terms, LCD have been defined as having less than 200 g of carbohydrate [43]. Some investigators have taken issue with this liberal definition of LCD, preferring to delineate non-ketogenic LCD as containing 50–150 g, and KD as having a maximum of 50 g [45].…”

Section: Major Diet Archetypesmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

International society of sports nutrition position stand: diets and body composition

Aragon

Schöenfeld

Wildman

et al. 2017

Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition

210

137

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Position Statement: The International Society of Sports Nutrition (ISSN) bases the following position stand on a critical analysis of the literature regarding the effects of diet types (macronutrient composition; eating styles) and their influence on body composition. The ISSN has concluded the following. 1) There is a multitude of diet types and eating styles, whereby numerous subtypes fall under each major dietary archetype. 2) All body composition assessment methods have strengths and limitations. 3) Diets primarily focused on fat loss are driven by a sustained caloric deficit. The higher the baseline body fat level, the more aggressively the caloric deficit may be imposed. Slower rates of weight loss can better preserve lean mass (LM) in leaner subjects. 4) Diets focused primarily on accruing LM are driven by a sustained caloric surplus to facilitate anabolic processes and support increasing resistance-training demands. The composition and magnitude of the surplus, as well as training status of the subjects can influence the nature of the gains. 5) A wide range of dietary approaches (low-fat to low-carbohydrate/ketogenic, and all points between) can be similarly effective for improving body composition. 6) Increasing dietary protein to levels significantly beyond current recommendations for athletic populations may result in improved body composition. Higher protein intakes (2.3–3.1 g/kg FFM) may be required to maximize muscle retention in lean, resistance-trained subjects under hypocaloric conditions. Emerging research on very high protein intakes (>3 g/kg) has demonstrated that the known thermic, satiating, and LM-preserving effects of dietary protein might be amplified in resistance-training subjects. 7) The collective body of intermittent caloric restriction research demonstrates no significant advantage over daily caloric restriction for improving body composition. 8) The long-term success of a diet depends upon compliance and suppression or circumvention of mitigating factors such as adaptive thermogenesis. 9) There is a paucity of research on women and older populations, as well as a wide range of untapped permutations of feeding frequency and macronutrient distribution at various energetic balances combined with training. Behavioral and lifestyle modification strategies are still poorly researched areas of weight management.

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Section: Major Diet Archetypesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Major Diet Archetypesmentioning

confidence: 99%

International society of sports nutrition position stand: diets and body composition

Aragon

Schöenfeld

Wildman

et al. 2017

Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition

210

137

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Despite these results with respect to body weight, the safety of 12 LCD have been questioned (Bilsborough & Crowe, 2003;Frigolet et al, 2011). A 13 reduction in body mass of 5-10 % following dietary restriction has the potential to 14 improve vascular risk profile (National Institutes of Health, 1998).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Influence of a low-carbohydrate diet on endothelial microvesicles in overweight women

Wekesa

Doyle

Fitzmaurice

et al. 2016

Appl. Physiol. Nutr. Metab.

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Low-carbohydrate diets (LCD) are increasing in popularity, but their effect on vascular health has been questioned. Endothelial microvesicles (EMV) are membrane-derived vesicles with the potential to act as a sensitive prognostic biomarker of vascular health and endothelial function. The aim of this study was to examine the influence of a LCD on EMV and other endothelial biomarkers of protein origin. Twenty-four overweight women (age, 48.4 ± 0.6 years; height, 1.60 ± 0.07 m; body mass, 76.5 ± 9.1 kg; body mass index, 28.1 ± 2.7 kg·m−2; waist circumference, 84.1 ± 7.4 cm; mean ± standard deviation) were randomised to either 24 weeks on their normal diet (ND) or a LCD, after which they crossed over to 24 weeks on the alternative diet. Participants were assisted in reducing carbohydrate intake, but not below 40 g·day−1. Body composition and endothelial biomarkers were assessed at the crossover point and at the end of the study. Daily carbohydrate intake (87 ± 7 versus 179 ± 11 g) and the percentage of energy derived from carbohydrate (29% versus 44%) were lower (p < 0.05) on the LCD compared to the ND, but absolute fat and saturated fat intake were unchanged. Body mass and waist circumference were 3.7 ± 0.8 kg and 3.5 ± 1.0 cm lower (p < 0.05), respectively, after the LCD compared with the ND phases. CD31+CD41−EMV, soluble (s) thrombomodulin, sE-selectin, sP-selectin, serum amyloid A and C-reactive protein were lower (p < 0.05) after the LCD compared to the ND, but serum lipids and apolipoproteins were not different. EMV along with a range of endothelial and inflammatory biomarkers are reduced by a LCD that involves modest weight loss.

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“…These benefits include reductions in plasma triglyceride, glycated haemoglobin, and insulin concentrations as well as in systolic blood pressure, 1-3 with consequent improvements in conditions such as type 2 diabetes and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. 4 However, the long term health effects of low carbohydrate-high protein diets are unclear, particularly as adherence to them has been associated with higher mortality from cardiovascular diseases in prospective cohort studies. [5][6][7] These conflicting results have fostered a debate over the benefits and risks of such diets.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[5][6][7] These conflicting results have fostered a debate over the benefits and risks of such diets. 4 In the linked article (doi:10.1136/bmj.e4026), Lagiou and colleagues investigated the association between adherence to low carbohydrate-high protein diets and the incidence of cardiovascular disease in a prospective cohort of 43<thin>396 Swedish women followed for an average of 15.7 years. 8 They looked for a diagnosis of incident cardiovascular disease, including ischaemic heart disease, ischaemic or haemorrhagic stroke, subarachnoid haemorrhage, or peripheral arterial disease.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%