Low-carbohydrate diets: Effects on metabolism and exercise – A comprehensive literature review

Macedo, Rodrigo Cauduro Oliveira; Santos, Heitor O.; Tinsley, Grant M.; Oliveira, Álvaro Reischak de

doi:10.1016/j.clnesp.2020.07.022

Cited by 22 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 118 publications

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“…In some studies, the threshold is less than 50 g per day, equivalent to about 10% of total energy intake. For “low-carbohydrate diets” (LCDs), carbohydrate daily intake should reach a maximum of 130 g per day, which is equivalent to less than 26% of total energy [ 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 ].…”

Section: Impact Of Several Types Of Dietmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Additionally, it seems that in the long-term, the effects of LCDs and VLCDs on weight loss may not be superior to more conventional strategies, such as calorie-restricted, low-fat diets and high-carbohydrate low-fat diets [ 17 ]. Regarding cardiometabolic risk markers, as observed for weight loss, the results are inconsistent when comparing LCD and VLCD to high-CHO and low-fat diets for high-density lipoprotein (HDL-c), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-c), triglyceride (TG), blood pressure, serum glucose and insulin [ 16 , 17 ].…”

Section: Impact Of Several Types Of Dietmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Which Diets Are Effective in Reducing Cardiovascular and Cancer Risk in Women with Obesity? An Integrative Review

et al. 2021

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Women are more affected by obesity than men which increases their risk of cancer and cardiovascular disease (CVD). Therefore, it is important to understand the effectiveness of different types of diet in the context of women’s health. This review aims to summarize the scientific evidence on the effects of different types of diet for women with obesity and their impact on CVD and cancer risk. This review included epidemiological and clinical studies on adult women and different types of diets, such as the Mediterranean (MED) diet, the Traditional Brazilian Diet, the Dietary Approach to Stop Hypertension (DASH), intermittent fasting (IF), calorie (energy) restriction, food re-education, low-carbohydrate diet (LCD) and a very low-carbohydrate diet (VLCD). Our main findings showed that although LCDs, VLCD and IF are difficult to adhere to over an extended period, they can be good options for achieving improvements in body weight and cardiometabolic parameters. MED, DASH and the Traditional Brazilian Diet are based on natural foods and reduced processed foods. These diets have been associated with better women’s health outcomes, including lower risk of CVD and cancer and the prevention and treatment of obesity.

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Section: Impact Of Several Types Of Dietmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Impact Of Several Types Of Dietmentioning

confidence: 99%

Which Diets Are Effective in Reducing Cardiovascular and Cancer Risk in Women with Obesity? An Integrative Review

et al. 2021

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“…Both LCD and LFD are beneficial for weight loss. Previous studies have shown that compared with participants on LFD, those on LCD experienced a greater weight loss reduction ( 56 , 65 ). Moreover, Mansoor et al found that even in healthy subjects, LCD is more effective for weight loss than LFD ( 19 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Reduction of carbohydrate intake has attracted more and more attention in recent years for its potential in health promotion and treatment of diseases, including decreasing body mass, improving fat and carbohydrate metabolism, producing clinical improvements in the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus, and reducing the predicted risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease events ( 65 , 67 , 68 ). However, there are still controversial effects of LCD or the comparison between LCD and LFD ( 63 , 65 , 69 ). Some reasons that may be involved are as follows: (1) the criteria for included subjects are different.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of low-carbohydrate diets versus low-fat diets on metabolic risk factors in overweight and obese adults: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials

et al. 2022

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Background and aimsLow-carbohydrate diets (LCD) and low-fat diets (LFD) have shown beneficial effects on the management of obesity. Epidemiological studies were conducted to compare the effects of the two diets. However, the results were not always consistent. This study aimed to conduct a meta-analysis to compare the long-term effects of LCD and LFD on metabolic risk factors and weight loss in overweight and obese adults.MethodsWe performed a systematic literature search up to 30 March, 2022 in PubMed, EMBASE, and Cochrane Library. The meta-analysis compared the effects of LCD (carbohydrate intake ≤ 40%) with LFD (fat intake < 30%) on metabolic risk factors and weight loss for ≥6 months. Subgroup analyses were performed based on participant characteristics, dietary energy intake, and the proportions of carbohydrates.Results33 studies involving a total of 3,939 participants were included. Compared with participants on LFD, participants on LCD had a greater reduction in triglycerides (–0.14 mmol/L; 95% CI, –0.18 to –0.10 mmol/L), diastolic blood pressure (–0.87 mmHg; 95% CI, –1.41 to –0.32 mmHg), weight loss (–1.33 kg; 95% CI, –1.79 to –0.87 kg), and a greater increase in high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (0.07 mmol/L; 95% CI, 0.06 to 0.09 mmol/L) in 6–23 months. However, the decrease of total cholesterol (0.14 mmol/L; 95% CI, 0.07 to 0.20 mmol/L) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (0.10 mmol/L; 95% CI, 0.06 to 0.14 mmol/L) was more conducive to LFD in 6–23 months. There was no difference in benefits between the two diets after 24 months. Subgroup analyses showed no significant difference in the reduction of total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and blood pressure between the two diets in participants with diabetes, hypertension, or hyperlipidemia.ConclusionThe results suggest that LCD and LFD may have specific effects on metabolic risk factors and weight loss in overweight and obese adults over 6 months. At 24 months, the effects on weight loss and improvement of metabolic risk factors were at least the same. These indicated that we might choose different diets to manage the overweight and obese subjects. However, the long-term clinical efficacy and effects of various sources of carbohydrates or fat in the two diets need to be studied in the future.

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“…Along these lines, IF emerged as a multifaceted dietary tool to manage cardiometabolic problems such as dyslipidemia, elevated blood glucose levels, hypertension, and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease [5,6]. Taken together, the mechanisms ascribed to these benefits are mainly due to the fasting-induced adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK)/sirtuin 1 axis, whose enzymes activate the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARα) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma coactivator 1 alpha (PGC-1α) in skeletal muscle, adipocytes, cardiomyocytes, and hepatocytes, ultimately enhancing fatty acid oxidation and insulin sensitivity [7][8][9][10][11].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Intermittent Fasting and Fat Mass: What Is the Clinical Magnitude?

Santos

2022

Obesities

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Clinical studies addressing the benefits of intermittent fasting (IF) diets have evoked interest in the treatment of obesity. Herein, the overall effects of IF regimens on fat-mass loss are explained in a brief review through a recent literature update. To date, human studies show a reduction in fat mass from 0.7 to 11.3 kg after IF regimens, in which the duration of interventions ranges from two weeks to one year. In light of this, IF regimens can be considered a reasonable approach to weight (fat mass) loss. However, the benefits of IF regimens occur thanks to energy restriction and cannot hence be considered the best dietary protocol compared to conventional diets.

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Low-carbohydrate diets: Effects on metabolism and exercise – A comprehensive literature review

Cited by 22 publications

References 118 publications

Which Diets Are Effective in Reducing Cardiovascular and Cancer Risk in Women with Obesity? An Integrative Review

Which Diets Are Effective in Reducing Cardiovascular and Cancer Risk in Women with Obesity? An Integrative Review

Effects of low-carbohydrate diets versus low-fat diets on metabolic risk factors in overweight and obese adults: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials

Intermittent Fasting and Fat Mass: What Is the Clinical Magnitude?

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