Low-cost all-polymer integrated circuits

Drury, C.J.; Mutsaers, C. M. J.; Hart, C.M.; Matters, M.; Leeuw, D.M. de

doi:10.1063/1.121783

Cited by 803 publications

(427 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…[3][4][5][6] They also offer the potential to reduce significantly the cost of photovoltaic energy [7][8][9] due to solution processing and continuous deposition techniques. However, despite improvements in materials 10 and device design, [11][12][13] power conversion efficiencies remain prohibitively low for commercial exploitation ͑1.7% in polymer blends 14 and 4.4% in polymer: fullerene systems 15 ͒.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A microscopic model for the behavior of nanostructured organic photovoltaic devices

Marsh

Groves

Greenham

2007

Journal of Applied Physics

225

233

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Use policyThe full-text may be used and/or reproduced, and given to third parties in any format or medium, without prior permission or charge, for personal research or study, educational, or not-for-pro t purposes provided that:• a full bibliographic reference is made to the original source • a link is made to the metadata record in DRO • the full-text is not changed in any way The full-text must not be sold in any format or medium without the formal permission of the copyright holders.Please consult the full DRO policy for further details. We present a Monte Carlo model of carrier separation and recombination in nanostructured organic photovoltaic ͑OPV͒ devices which takes into account all electrostatic interactions, energetic disorder, and polaronic effects. This permits a detailed analysis of the strong morphology dependence of carrier collection efficiency. We find that performance is determined both by the orientation of the heterojunction relative to the external electric field as well as by carrier confinement due to polymer intermixing. The model predicts that an idealized interdigitated structure could achieve overall efficiencies twice as high as blends. The model also reproduces the weakly sublinear intensity dependence of short-circuit photocurrent ͑I SC ͒ seen in experiment. We show that this is not the result of space-charge effects but of bimolecular recombination. Disconnected islands of polymer in coarser blends result in bimolecular recombination even at low intensities and should therefore be minimized. By including a microscopic description of dark injection, the model can describe the full current-voltage ͑J-V͒ characteristics of different OPV structures. We examine the effect of morphology, intensity, mobility, and recombination rate on key parameters such as short-circuit current, open-circuit voltage ͑V OC ͒, and fill factor ͑FF͒. The model reproduces the intensity-dependent contribution to V OC in a bilayer above that of a blend observed in experiment. We find that performance in both bilayers and blends is very sensitive to the recombination rate across the heterojunction. The model also predicts a striking dependence of performance on mobility. Indeed it is shown that a tenfold increase in mobility dramatically improves I SC and FF and doubles the maximum power output in a bilayer device. As well as informing routes for improving device performance, the model also offers an improved microscopic understanding of OPV operation.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A microscopic model for the behavior of nanostructured organic photovoltaic devices

Marsh

Groves

Greenham

2007

Journal of Applied Physics

225

233

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“…The wide range of controllable optoelectronic properties, coupled with excellent stability, make them attractive as electronic materials for potential use in a variety of applications such as biosensors, 4 batteries, 5 and field effect transistors. [6][7][8] Experimental and theoretical investigations of the dynamical properties of conjugated polymers play a key role in understanding the structural and microscopic optoelectronic properties of the materials in various phases in both the pristine and doped states. 9,10 However, it is often the case that information obtained by different methods has been quite inconsistent.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Lattice dynamics of polyaniline and poly(p-pyridyl vinyline): First-principles determination

et al. 2006

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The full-text may be used and/or reproduced, and given to third parties in any format or medium, without prior permission or charge, for personal research or study, educational, or not-for-pro t purposes provided that:• a full bibliographic reference is made to the original source • a link is made to the metadata record in DRO • the full-text is not changed in any way The full-text must not be sold in any format or medium without the formal permission of the copyright holders.Please consult the full DRO policy for further details. First-principles density functional studies of the dynamical properties of the conjugated polymers polyaniline and poly͑p-pyridyl vinyline͒ are presented in this work. We have employed linear response within density functional perturbation theory, as implemented in the CASTEP code, to investigate the Born effective charges, polarizabilities, and vibrational properties. With regard to the last, we have calculated the vibrational frequencies and made assignments of the modes for the two polymers. Most of the phonon modes have been classified and we have shown that the higher frequency modes are associated with C u H and C v N stretching modes. We also present the results of calculations of the polarizability and permittivity of the materials which are in reasonable agreement with the typical values of conjugated polymers. Dynamical Born effective charges have been calculated and compared with the Mulliken population atomic charges. It is found that notable differences exist between the Born effective charges for the nitrogen atoms in the conducting polymers, and we conclude that effective charges are more appropriate for use in the study of the dynamics of the systems. Differences are found in the ir absorption spectra obtained for the two polymers, which can be attributed to the structural differences of the two materials. It is found that the presence of the nitrogen atom plays an important role in determining their lattice dynamics.

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“…These ''plastic'' circuits have attractive characteristics that are difficult to achieve with materials and methods used for conventional electronics: they are mechanically flexible, durable, and lightweight, and they can be printed over large areas. They also have the potential to be ultralow in cost partly because they are compatible with continuous, high-speed reel-to-reel fabrication techniques (6)(7)(8). As a result, plastic circuits will form the foundations for future devices-electronic paper (9,10), wearable sensors, low-cost smart cards and radio frequency identification tags, flexible arrays of plastic microphones, etc.-that will complement the types of systems that established electronics supports well (e.g., microprocessors, high-density memory).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Soft, conformable electrical contacts for organic semiconductors: High-resolution plastic circuits by lamination

Loo¹,

Someya²,

Baldwin³

et al. 2002

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

210

129

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Soft, conformable electrical contacts provide efficient, noninvasive probes for the transport properties of chemically and mechanically fragile, ultrathin organic semiconducting films. When combined with high-resolution printing and lamination techniques, these soft contacts also form the basis of a powerful technique for fabricating flexible plastic circuits. In this approach, a thin elastomeric film on a plastic substrate supports the electrodes and interconnections; laminating this substrate against another plastic substrate that supports the gate, dielectric and semiconductor levels establishes effective electrical contacts and completes the circuits. In addition to eliminating many of the problems associated with traditional layer-by-layer fabrication strategies, this lamination scheme possesses other attractive features: the transistors and circuit elements are naturally and efficiently encapsulated, and the active organic semiconductor layer is placed near the neutral mechanical plane. We demonstrate the features of soft, laminated contacts by fabricating large arrays of high-performance thin film transistors on plastic substrates by using a wide variety of organic semiconductors.

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Low-cost all-polymer integrated circuits

Cited by 803 publications

References 7 publications

A microscopic model for the behavior of nanostructured organic photovoltaic devices

A microscopic model for the behavior of nanostructured organic photovoltaic devices

Lattice dynamics of polyaniline and poly(p-pyridyl vinyline): First-principles determination

Soft, conformable electrical contacts for organic semiconductors: High-resolution plastic circuits by lamination

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