Low-Cost and High-Performance Hard Carbon Anode Materials for Sodium-Ion Batteries

Abstract

As an anode material for sodium-ion batteries (SIBs), hard carbon (HC) presents high specific capacity and favorable cycling performance. However, high cost and low initial Coulombic efficiency (ICE) of HC seriously limit its future commercialization for SIBs. A typical biowaste, mangosteen shell was selected as a precursor to prepare low-cost and high-performance HC via a facile one-step carbonization method, and the influence of different heat treatments on the morphologies, microstructures, and electrochemical performances was investigated systematically. The microstructure evolution studied using X-ray diffraction, Raman, Brunauer–Emmett–Teller, and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy, along with electrochemical measurements, reveals the optimal carbonization condition of the mangosteen shell: HC carbonized at 1500 °C for 2 h delivers the highest reversible capacity of ∼330 mA h g –1 at a current density of 20 mA g –1 , a capacity retention of ∼98% after 100 cycles, and an ICE of ∼83%. Additionally, the sodium-ion storage behavior of HC is deeply analyzed using galvanostatic intermittent titration and cyclic voltammetry technologies.

Carbonaceous Anodes Derived from Sugarcane Bagasse for Sodium‐Ion Batteries

“…The first-cycle CE values for the A-750, A-850, A-950, andA -1050 electrodes are 56 %, 60 %, 64 %, and 67 %, respectively,w hich are lower than those of the SB-HC electrodes synthesized at the correspondingt emperatures. [29,32,34,[49][50][51] As shown, the A-950 electrode, owing to its higher oxygen content,e xhibitsa more significant 0.8 Vi rreversible current, leadingt oi nferior first-cycle CE to that of the SB-950 electrode. For the HC electrodes, the first negative CV scans are characterizedb yt wo irreversible cathodic peaks at 0.8 and 0.5 V, which are associated with electrode surfaceo xygen group reductiona nd electrolyte decomposition (and thus SEI formation), respectively.…”

“…[25][26][27] Biomass sourcess uch as peat moss, cotton,b anana peels, kelp, shaddock peels, pistachios, mangosteen shells, and cherry petals have been used to fabricate HCs. [28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35] However,t oo ur knowledge,n os tudy has evaluated the possibility of synthesizing sugarcaneb agasse (SB)-derived HC (SB-HC) for NIB anodes. Sugarcane is oneo ft he most abundant types of biomass.…”

Impact of the Acid Treatment on Lignocellulosic Biomass Hard Carbon for Sodium‐Ion Battery Anodes

“…Thisi nteresting finding indicates that long acid treatments improvet he structuralo rder of the carbonized material in as imilar manner as high annealing temperatures do, leadingt oachange of the structure from highly disordered to planar pseudo-graphitic microlites (higher pseudo-graphitic content). [42,68,69] Morphological and structural analysis of the samples suggest the acid treatment to enable the achievemento fahigher degree of structuralo rder both at am icrometric level, as ob- Figure 2. Structuralcharacterizationo fLHC_0D, LHC_1D, and LHC_6D compared with LHC_2W.…”

Bituminous Coal as Low‐Cost Anode Materials for Sodium‐Ion and Lithium‐Ion Batteries

“…As an example, Komaba and co‐workers showed that increasing the pyrolysis temperature beyond 1200 °C leads to a decrease in the capacity of the material . Similar trends were also reported and discussed by other groups . The effect of the thermal treatment depends on the starting material, its origin, the synthesis method, and, more importantly, its structure and grade.…”