“…Compared to antibodies, aptamers and DNAzymes have distinct advantages originating from their nucleic acid properties: 1) they can be synthesized in the test tubes at a much lower cost than that of antibodies; 2) they can be readily conjugated to many signal transducing elements, such as fluorophores, nanomaterials and enzymes at an exact location; 3) they are more stable than antibodies at room temperature and during storage; 4) unlike antibodies, they can be denatured during manufacturing process and storage and can regain binding or catalytic activity after renaturation at physiological condition before sensing applications; 5) since the DNA and RNA can be synthesized chemically, they have minimal batch-to-batch variations, and 6) they have been shown to bind small molecules such as metal ions much more selectively than those of antibodies. These properties make them excellent molecular recognition elements in developing BGM-based biosensors to quantify a variety of analytical targets, such as cocaine (Xiang and Lu, 2011, Yan et al, 2013, Hou et al, 2014, Zhou et al, 2014b), adenosine (Xiang and Lu, 2011, Liu et al, 2012), ATP (Yan et al, 2013, Hou et al, 2014), dopamine (Hun et al, 2015b), melamine (Gu et al, 2015), myoglobin (Wang et al, 2015a), platelet-derived growth factor-BB (PDGF-BB) (Ma et al, 2014), interferon-gamma (Xiang and Lu, 2011, Lan et al, 2015), uranium (UO 2 2+ ) (Xiang and Lu, 2011, 2013), and lead (Pb 2+ ) (Fu et al, 2013, Xiang and Lu, 2013, Liao and Li, 2014, Zhang et al, 2015a). …”