Low-Cost Black Phosphorus Nanofillers for Improved Thermoelectric Performance in PEDOT:PSS Composite Films

Abstract

In recent years, two-dimensional black phosphorus (BP) has seen a surge of research because of its unique optical, electronic, and chemical properties. BP has also received interest as a potential thermoelectric material because of its high Seebeck coefficient and excellent charge mobility, but further development is limited by the high cost and poor scalability of traditional BP synthesis techniques. In this work, high-quality BP is synthesized using a low-cost method and utilized in a PEDOT:PSS film to create the first ever BP composite thermoelectric material. The thermoelectric properties are found to be greatly enhanced after the BP addition, with the power factor of the film, with 2 wt % BP (36.2 μW m K) representing a 109% improvement over the pure PEDOT:PSS film (17.3 μW m K). A simultaneous increase of mobility and decrease of the carrier concentration is found to occur with the increasing BP wt %, which allows for both Seebeck coefficient and electrical conductivity to be increased. These results show the potential of this low-cost BP for use in energy devices.

Recent Advances in Chemical Functionalization of 2D Black Phosphorous Nanosheets

“…For efficient usage of BPNSs with polymers for high‐performance nanocomposites, two important challenges have to be first addressed during processing: homogeneous dispersion of BPNSs in polymer matrix and strong interfacial interactions between BPNSs and polymer matrix . One of the promising solutions to tackle the challenges is to chemically functionalize BPNSs, which can not only improve the dispersibility of BPNSs but can also reinforce the interfacial interactions, leading to a better chemical compatibility with different media and interfaces.…”

Polymer‐Based Low‐Temperature Thermoelectric Composites

“…Change of the major charge carriers 30 1000 -p-type 83 n-type 113 -Kim et al [31] PEDOT:PSS FCNT EG, DMSO 46 250 -56 -Yusupov et al [32] PEDOT:PSS FCNT EG, DMSO Number of layers 46 250 -56 -Yusupov et al [33] PEDOT:PSS SWCNT DMSO, NaOH Dedoping 55 1700 0.4-0.6 526 0.39 Liu et al [34] PEDOT:PSS SWCNT Vacuum filtration 45 550 0.26 105 0.12 Jiang et al [36] PEDOT:PSS SWCNT, PEDOT:PSS nanowire Energy filtering 36 2500 352 5 414 Liu et al [37] PEDOT:PSS SWCNT SDS Core-shell, 3D network 50 680 160 1.8 Wang et al [42] PEDOT:PSS, PDDA DWCNT, graphene sandwich-like structure 70 340 168 Stevens et al [43] PEDOT:PSS Graphene 17 1000 30 4 30.9 Liu et al [45] PEDOT:PSS Te, Cu Lu et al [46] PEDOT:PSS Te-s-Se Charge hopping 120 150 222 Ju et al [48] PEDOT:PSS Te H 2 SO 4 , NaOH 65 561 240 0.8 Ni et al [49] PEDOT:PSS Ge thin film Kraut's method 398 154 Lee et al [50] PEDOT [52] PEDOT:PSS Black phosphorus DMSO Energy filtering 15.5 1446 36.2 Novak et al [53] PEDOT:DBSA Te 30 1380 104 Shi et al [55] PEDOT:PSS Lu et al [58] PEDOT:PSS Surface polarization 120 5 96 Peng et al [59] PEDOT:PSS IL H 2 SO 4 , NaOH Heterostructure, Soret effect 65 1500 0.2-0.5 754 0.75 Fan et al [60] PEDOT:PSS PSSH/ PSSNa…”

“…In most of the cases, the research focuses on the implementation of metal‐based inorganic materials in polymers, but a variety of other materials have also been tested. For example, the implementation of oxides or elements such as black phosphorus (BP), [ 53 ] which led to the simultaneous improvement of both electrical conductivity and Seebeck coefficient. Improvement of electrical conductivity (up to 1446 S cm −1 ) is explained by an increase of hole mobility due to the reduced electron‐phonon coupling.…”

Layered Ternary and Quaternary Transition Metal Chalcogenide Based Catalysts for Water Splitting

“…In recent years, there has been increasing attention on renewable and environmentally friendly energy devices and energy sources as alternatives to fossil fuels [1,2]. In materials science research, two-dimensional (2D) layered materials such as graphene, transition metal chalcogenides (TMCs), MXenes and phosphorene have been heavily researched for many of these energy applications, including solar cells, batteries, light-emitting diodes, thermoelectric generators and so forth [3][4][5][6][7][8]. These layered 2D materials have also been studied as efficient catalysts for the production of hydrogen, which has been proposed as the ideal energy carrier by virtue of its highest gravimetric energy density with zero emission of carbon dioxide [9,10].…”