“…Semiconductors such as hematite Fe 2 O 3 [ 8 , 9 , 10 ], tungsten trioxide WO 3 [ 11 , 12 , 13 ], and TiO 2 [ 14 , 15 , 16 ], as well as perovskites including ABX 3 [ 17 ], SrTiO 3 [ 18 ], metal oxides [ 19 ], and metal sulfides [ 20 ], have been used for this purpose. However, due to its low cost of production [ 21 ], easy availability, non-toxicity [ 22 ], and thermodynamic stability, TiO 2 anatase has been investigated meticulously [ 23 , 24 ]. Modern industrialization, technological development, and the rapidly growing global population have caused higher energy consumption, which has resulted in severe environmental pollution due to the burning of hydrocarbons.…”