Low DNA HTLV-2 proviral load among women in São Paulo City

Montanheiro, Patrícia; Olah, Ingrid; Fukumori, L. M. I.; Smid, Jerusa; Oliveira, Augusto César Penalva de; Kanzaki, Luis Isamu Barros; Fonseca, Luiz Augusto Marcondes; Duarte, Alberto J. S.; Casseb, Jorge

doi:10.1016/j.virusres.2008.01.015

Cited by 19 publications

(25 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…We noted no correlation between T cell counts and HTLV-2 proviral load among those with indeterminate WB profiles, although viral detection was only performed on 30 specimens. In fact, HTLV-2 infection produces a low replication rate, and in one study, no virus was detected in the PBMCs of the majority of patients [Montanheiro et al, 2008]. HTLV-2 is genetically more stable than other RNA viruses [Salemi et al, 1999], with a relatively low number of replication cycles and therefore, a frequency of mutations.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Neither molecular diversity of the envelope, immunosuppression status, nor proviral load causes indeterminate HTLV western blot profiles in samples from human T‐cell lymphotropic virus type 2 (HTLV‐2)‐infected individuals

Olah

Fukumori

Smid

et al. 2010

Journal of Medical Virology

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Although human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 2 (HTLV-2) is considered of low pathogenicity, serological diagnosis is important for counseling and monitoring. The confirmatory tests most used are Western blot (WB) and PCR. However, in high-risk populations, about 50% of the indeterminate WB were HTLV-2 positives by PCR. The insensitivity of the WB might be due to the use of recombinant proteins of strains that do not circulate in our country. Another possibility may be a high level of immunosuppression, which could lead to low production of virus, resulting in low stimulation of antibody. We found one mutation, proline to serine in the envelope region in the position 184, presented at least 1/3 of the samples, independent the indeterminate WB profile. In conclusion, we found no correlation of immune state, HTLV-2 proviral load, or env diversity in the K55 region and WB indeterminate results. We believe that the only WB kit available in the market is probably more accurate to detect HTLV-1 antibodies, and some improvement for HTLV-2 detection should be done in the future, especially among high-risk population.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Neither molecular diversity of the envelope, immunosuppression status, nor proviral load causes indeterminate HTLV western blot profiles in samples from human T‐cell lymphotropic virus type 2 (HTLV‐2)‐infected individuals

Olah

Fukumori

Smid

et al. 2010

Journal of Medical Virology

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“…A previous study in Brazilian mono-infected and HIV co-infected HTLV-2 positive individuals also found low or undetectable HTLV-2 PVLs. 25 However, it must be noted that as HTLV-2 is a clinically significant infection but difficult to detect by molecular method due to low PVL, this same situation may be could potentially be reflected in HTLV-3 and HTLV-4 infected individuals. Further studies are necessary to investigate the diagnosis and monitoring to these subtypes.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Multiplex real-time PCR for the detection and quantitation of HTLV-1 and HTLV-2 proviral load: Addressing the issue of indeterminate HTLV results

Waters

Oliveira

Coughlan

et al. 2011

Journal of Clinical Virology

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“…HTLV-2, despite its close relationship to HTLV-1, has distinctive pathogenesis and transmission characteristics, such as a lower provirus load 10,11 , a higher occurrence of pneumonia and bronchitis 12,13 and a similar prevalence in males and females, which suggests that sexual transmission of the virus might be equally effi cient between the sexes 14 . HTLV-2 is prevalent in native populations, such as indigenous peoples in the Americas and Pygmy tribes in Africa, and in intravenous drug users [15][16][17][18][19] .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sexual transmission of human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1

Paiva

Casseb

2014

Rev. Soc. Bras. Med. Trop.

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Human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) is endemic in many parts of the world and is primarily transmitted through sexual intercourse or from mother to child. Sexual transmission occurs more effi ciently from men to women than women to men and might be enhanced by sexually transmitted diseases that cause ulcers and result in mucosal ruptures, such as syphilis, herpes simplex type 2 (HSV-2), and chancroid. Other sexually transmitted diseases might result in the recruitment of infl ammatory cells and could increase the risk of HTLV-1 acquisition and transmission. Additionally, factors that are associated with higher transmission risks include the presence of antibodies against the viral oncoprotein Tax (anti-Tax), a higher proviral load in peripheral blood lymphocytes, and increased cervicovaginal or seminal secretions. Seminal fl uid has been reported to increase HTLV replication and transmission, whereas male circumcision and neutralizing antibodies might have a protective effect. Recently, free virions were discovered in plasma, which reveals a possible new mode of HTLV replication. It is unclear how this discovery might affect the routes of HTLV transmission, particularly sexual transmission, because HTLV transmission rates are signifi cantly higher from men to women than women to men.

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Low DNA HTLV-2 proviral load among women in São Paulo City

Cited by 19 publications

References 32 publications

Neither molecular diversity of the envelope, immunosuppression status, nor proviral load causes indeterminate HTLV western blot profiles in samples from human T‐cell lymphotropic virus type 2 (HTLV‐2)‐infected individuals

Neither molecular diversity of the envelope, immunosuppression status, nor proviral load causes indeterminate HTLV western blot profiles in samples from human T‐cell lymphotropic virus type 2 (HTLV‐2)‐infected individuals

Multiplex real-time PCR for the detection and quantitation of HTLV-1 and HTLV-2 proviral load: Addressing the issue of indeterminate HTLV results

Sexual transmission of human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1

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