“…In particular, the availability of functionally active resident and infiltrating antigen-presenting cells (APCs) at the site of inoculation is crucial for the optimal capture and presentation of vaccine-derived antigens (Sumida et al, 2004). Among skin vaccine routes, intradermal (ID) delivery has been extensively tested in many clinical trials (Lambert and Laurent, 2008;Nicolas and Guy, 2008) including vaccination against rabies (Sabchareon et al, 1998;Charest et al, 2000;Vien et al, 2008), hepatitis B (Egemen et al, 1998;Henderson et al, 2000), and influenza (Frech et al, 2005;Belshe, 2007). It appears that the ID route is capable of inducing a humoral immune response that is equivalent or comparable to the one induced by the intramuscular or subcutaneous routes but with a lower dose of antigen, generally a fifth of the standard dose used for an intramuscular vaccine.…”