Low-level lead exposure and mortality in US adults: a population-based cohort study

Lanphear, Bruce P.; Rauch, Stephen; Auinger, Peggy; Allen, Ryan; Hornung, Richard

doi:10.1016/s2468-2667(18)30025-2

Cited by 438 publications

(359 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…Interestingly, other studies have reported the associations between blood lead and periodontitis,26 cardiovascular disease27 and chronic kidney disease28 to similarly be present only among non-smokers. It is unclear what biological mechanism would underlie this finding.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Case-control investigation of occupational lead exposure and kidney cancer

Callahan¹,

Friesen²,

Locke³

et al. 2019

Occup Environ Med

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ObjectivesLead is a suspected carcinogen that has been inconsistently associated with kidney cancer. To clarify this relationship, we conducted an analysis of occupational lead exposure within a population-based study of kidney cancer using detailed exposure assessment methods.MethodsStudy participants (1217 cases and 1235 controls), enrolled between 2002 and 2007, provided information on their occupational histories and, for selected lead-related occupations, answered questions regarding workplace tasks, and use of protective equipment. Industrial hygienists used this information to develop several estimates of occupational lead exposure, including probability, duration and cumulative exposure. Unconditional logistic regression was used to compute ORs and 95% CIs for different exposure metrics, with unexposed subjects serving as the reference group. Analyses were also conducted stratifying on several factors, including for subjects of European ancestry only, single nucleotide polymorphisms in ALAD (rs1805313, rs1800435, rs8177796, rs2761016), a gene involved in lead toxicokinetics.ResultsIn our study, cumulative occupational lead exposure was not associated with kidney cancer (OR 0.9, 95% CI 0.7 to 1.3 for highest quartile vs unexposed; ptrend=0.80). Other lead exposure metrics were similarly null. We observed no evidence of effect modification for the evaluated ALAD variants (subjects of European ancestry only, 662 cases and 561 controls) and most stratifying factors, although lead exposure was associated with increased risk among never smokers.ConclusionsThe findings of this study do not offer clear support for an association between occupational lead exposure and kidney cancer.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Case-control investigation of occupational lead exposure and kidney cancer

Callahan¹,

Friesen²,

Locke³

et al. 2019

Occup Environ Med

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“…The toxicity of lead (Pb) is widely recognized; lead has been linked to childhood neurological impairment (Lanphear et al, 2005;Needleman & Gatsonis, 1990;Tong et al, 2000;World Health Organization, 2010) and cardiovascular disease later in life (Lanphear et al, 2018;Navas-Acien et al, 2007). Children under the age of 6 are at highest risk of Pb exposure as they explore their environment by crawling on the ground and placing dusty toys and hands into their mouths.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Does Involving Parents in Soil Sampling Identify Causes of Child Exposure to Lead? A Case Study of Community Engagement in Mining‐Impacted Towns in Peru

et al. 2019

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Over a million people in Peru may be exposed to lead (Pb) due to past or present mining‐related activities; however, neither soil Pb nor blood Pb are routinely monitored throughout the country. Because little is known about Pb contamination in smaller mining‐impacted towns, soil Pb was mapped in four such towns with a portable X‐ray fluorescence analyzer in 2015. The roadside mapping delineated hotspots of highly contaminated soil (1,000–6,000 mg/kg Pb) in two of the towns. The local health department, provided with a LeadCare II analyzer, then measured blood‐Pb levels >5 in 65% and >10 μg/dL in 15% of children (n = 200) up to 6 years of age in these same four communities. There were no clear relations between child blood‐Pb levels and Pb levels in soil samples collected inside (n = 50) or outside the home (n = 50). Increased child blood Pb was associated with decreased level of cleanliness of parent clothing (n = 136) and shoes (n = 138), linking a possible behavioral factor for transferring contaminated soil and dust to children. In order to explore individual exposure and variations in soil Pb, 10 parents of children with blood Pb >10 μg/dL and 10 parents of children with blood Pb <5 μg/dL were invited to collect soil samples in areas where their children play and screen it for Pb using a color‐based field procedure. Importantly, parents identified a new hotspot of Pb contamination that had been missed by the previous portable X‐ray fluorescence soil mapping. The findings highlight the feasibility and value of involving families impacted by environmental contamination to identify and reduce environmental health risk.

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“…The accumulation is most pronounced for children and carrying women. For Americans, elevated lead levels is estimated to be an attributable mortality factor for more than 400 000 deaths annually . Such concerns are highly relevant for the working conditions and toxic local environment at lead smelters in producing countries …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chemical Uniformity in Ferroelectric K_xNa₁₋_xNbO₃ Thin Films

2019

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Potassium sodium niobate (KNN) has long been considered a viable candidate for replacing lead‐based materials in piezo‐ and ferroelectric devices. The introduction of KNN on an industrial scale is highly awaited; however, processing challenges still remain to be solved. The main obstacle is lack of reproducible growth of uniform boules or thin films at temperatures that facilitate monolithic device integration. Herein, atomic layer deposition (ALD) of KNN thin films, exhibiting high chemical uniformity over large areas, is reported. The cation composition can be controlled at a 1% level, enabling fine‐tuning of the film stoichiometry across the morphotropic phase boundaries of the KNbO3–NaNbO3 solid solution. The films are obtained as highly oriented on Pt (111)||Si (100)‐substrates after annealing at temperatures as low as 550 °C. They exhibit converse piezoelectric effects with magnitudes in accordance with literature. It is believed that the successful development of the described ALD process represents a major step toward achieving lead‐free piezo‐ and ferroelectrics on an industrial scale.

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Low-level lead exposure and mortality in US adults: a population-based cohort study

Abstract: The Artemis Fund and Simon Fraser University.

Cited by 438 publications

References 26 publications

Case-control investigation of occupational lead exposure and kidney cancer

Case-control investigation of occupational lead exposure and kidney cancer

Does Involving Parents in Soil Sampling Identify Causes of Child Exposure to Lead? A Case Study of Community Engagement in Mining‐Impacted Towns in Peru

Chemical Uniformity in Ferroelectric K_xNa₁₋_xNbO₃ Thin Films

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Low-level lead exposure and mortality in US adults: a population-based cohort study

Abstract: The Artemis Fund and Simon Fraser University.

Cited by 438 publications

References 26 publications

Case-control investigation of occupational lead exposure and kidney cancer

Case-control investigation of occupational lead exposure and kidney cancer

Does Involving Parents in Soil Sampling Identify Causes of Child Exposure to Lead? A Case Study of Community Engagement in Mining‐Impacted Towns in Peru

Chemical Uniformity in Ferroelectric KxNa1−xNbO3 Thin Films

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Chemical Uniformity in Ferroelectric K_xNa₁₋_xNbO₃ Thin Films