Low Medium pH Value Enhances Anthocyanin Accumulation in Malus Crabapple Leaves

Zhang, Yanchen; Zhang, Jie; Song, Tingting; Li, Jinyan; Tian, Ji; Jin, Kaina

doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0097904

Cited by 30 publications

(31 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…Previous studies concluded that a suitable pH can promote anthocyanin biosynthesis in specific tissues of some plant species, including carrot and crabapple [12, 15]. In crabapple seedlings, the synthesis of anthocyanins is beneficial in moderately acidic environments [15]. Consistent with the results of previous studies, we observed that under moderately acidic conditions, especially at pH 6.0, anthocyanins accumulated considerably in apple calli.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

“…Environmental pH is one of the important physical and chemical factors affecting the metabolic activities of plant tissues. Previous studies concluded that a suitable pH can promote anthocyanin biosynthesis in specific tissues of some plant species, including carrot and crabapple [12, 15]. In crabapple seedlings, the synthesis of anthocyanins is beneficial in moderately acidic environments [15].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Anthocyanin biosynthesis is also stimulated by abiotic factors, including low temperatures, hormones, high irradiance, sugar, and pH [10–14]. There is clear evidence that high pH levels enhance the degradation of anthocyanins in carrot [12], while exposure to low pH induces the expression of anthocyanin biosynthesis genes in crabapple leaves, ultimately resulting in increased anthocyanin levels [15].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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MdMYB3 helps regulate anthocyanin accumulation in apple calli under moderately acidic conditions

Wang

Sun

Qiu

et al. 2018

Preprint

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24Anthocyanins are the key factors controlling the coloration of plant 25 tissues. However, the molecular mechanism underlying the effects of 26 environmental pH on the synthesis of apple anthocyanins is unclear. 27 In this study, we analyzed the anthocyanin contents of apple calli 28 cultured in media at different pHs (5.5, 6.0, and 6.5). The highest 29 anthocyanin content was observed at pH 6.0. Additionally, the 30 moderately acidic conditions up-regulated the expression of 31 MdMYB3 as well as specific anthocyanin biosynthesis structural 32 genes (MdDFR and MdUFGT). Moreover, the anthocyanin content 33 was higher in calli overexpressing MdMYB3 than in the wild-type 34 controls at different pHs. Yeast one-hybrid assay results indicated 35 that MdMYB3 binds to the MdDFR and MdUFGT promoters in 36 vivo. An analysis of the MdDFR and MdUFGT promoters revealed 37 multiple MYB-binding sites. Meanwhile, electrophoretic mobility 38 shift assays confirmed that MdMYB3 binds to the MdDFR and 39 MdUFGT promoters in vitro. Furthermore, GUS promoter activity 40 assays suggested that the MdDFR and MdUFGT promoter activities 41 are enhanced by acidic conditions, and the binding of MdMYB3 42 may further enhance activity. These results implied that an 43 acid-induced apple MYB transcription factor (MdMYB3) promotes 44 anthocyanin accumulation by up-regulating the expression of 45 MdDFR and MdUFGT under moderately acidic conditions. 46 47 65 temperatures, hormones, high irradiance, sugar, and pH [10-14]. 66There is clear evidence that high pH levels enhance the degradation 67 of anthocyanins in carrot [12], while exposure to low pH induces the 68 expression of anthocyanin biosynthesis genes in crabapple leaves, 69 ultimately resulting in increased anthocyanin levels [15]. 70 Previous studies revealed that the accumulation of anthocyanins in 71 the vacuoles of plant tissue cells depends on the pH of the vacuoles 72 in which anthocyanins localize [16, 17]. In morning glory (Ipomoea 73 tricolor) petals, the pH of vacuoles is relatively low when the flower 74 bud opens, causing the petals to be red, but the vacuolar pH 75 increases over time and the petals eventually turn blue [18]. This 76 color change is due to the Na + /H + exchanger encoded by the 77 PURPLE gene, which transports sodium ions into the vacuole and 78 moves protons out of the vacuole to increase the pH [19]. Petunia 79 hybrida flowers normally have a lower pH than I. tricolor flowers, 80 and the wild-type (WT) flowers remain on the reddish (low pH) side 81 of the color spectrum. The PH4 gene encodes a MYB domain and is 82 expressed in the epidermis of petals [20]. A mutation to PH4 results 83 in the lightening of petal colors as well as increases in the pH of 84 petal extracts and, in some genetic backgrounds, the elimination of 85 anthocyanins in flowers [20]. Additionally, mutations to 86 ANTHOCYANIN1 (AN1), AN2, and AN11 lead to a loss of 87 anthocyanin pigments and an increase in the pH of petal extracts 88 [21]. In apple, some MYB TFs control cell pH, an...

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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MdMYB3 helps regulate anthocyanin accumulation in apple calli under moderately acidic conditions

Wang

Sun

Qiu

et al. 2018

Preprint

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“…In 'Prairifire' plantlets, significant inductions of anthocyanin, flavonols and apigenin were noted in response to the photoperiod; however, the expression of MYB10 did not change in response to the photoperiod, suggesting that MYB10 may not be involved in controlling the biosynthesis of these flavonoid compounds under different photoperiod treatments. Zhang et al (2014) found that in the leaves of 'Royalty', 'Prairifire' and 'Flame' plantlets, different MYB transcription factors function as regulators of leaf color after pH induction. In 'Prairifire' plantlets, the question of whether other MYB transcription factor(s) are involved in the regulatory effect of photoperiod on flavonoid biosynthesis requires further study.…”

Section: Possible Regulatory Model For Light-induced Malus Crabapple mentioning

confidence: 99%

Photoperiod and shading regulate coloration and anthocyanin accumulation in the leaves of malus crabapples

Zhang

Meng

et al. 2015

Plant Cell Tiss Organ Cult

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In many ornamental plants, anthocyanin accumulation in leaves is a critical determinant of foliage coloration. However, the mechanism by which photoperiod and shading affect coloration and anthocyanin accumulation in the leaves of woody plants is less clear. By examining the leaves and calli of crabapple (Malus spp.) cultivars with different leaf color characteristics, we analyzed the foliage coloration, flavonoid contents, and expression levels of anthocyanin biosynthetic genes and the McMYB10 transcription factor under different photoperiods and shading treatments. The red color parameters, flavonoid contents, and expression levels of some anthocyaninrelated genes in both the leaf and callus were generally higher under sun-exposure or long-day treatments compared to shading or short-day treatments. These data indicate that red color formation in cultivars with leaves that are naturally red requires a suitable photoperiod and light intensity; high light intensity or long-day conditions activate anthocyanin biosynthesis-related genes, leading to anthocyanin accumulation. Our results also indicate that the regulation of anthocyanin biosynthetic metabolism in response to light conditions differs between red-leafed and green-leafed cultivars. Taken together, our data reveal that photoperiod and light intensity are important in the regulation of pigmentation and anthocyanin accumulation in crabapple leaves and calli. Moreover, we provide a useful approach for studying and inducing the production of flavonoids by crabapple callus culture under certain photoperiods.

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“…Anthocyanin concentrations in the petals of all three crabapple cultivars, as well as transgenic tobacco petals, were measured by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) as described by Zhang et al (2014). Each 1 g sample was powdered in a mortar and pestle in liquid nitrogen, then 1.0 ml of extraction buffer [70:27:2:1 (v/v/v/v) mix of methanol: water: formic acid: trifluoroacetic acid] was added and the mixture was stored overnight in the dark at 4°C.…”

Section: Measurement Of Anthocyanin Contentmentioning

confidence: 99%

The expression level of anthocyanidin synthase determines the anthocyanin content of crabapple (Malus sp.) petals

et al. 2015

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In addition to contributing to the coloration of plant organs and their defense against herbivores, the consumption of anthocyanins in the human diet has a number of health benefits. Crabapple (Malus sp.) represents a valuable experimental model system to research the mechanisms and regulation of anthocyanin accumulation, in part due to the often vivid and varied petal and leaf coloration that is exhibited by various cultivars. The enzyme anthocyanidin synthase (ANS) plays a pivotal role in anthocyanin biosynthesis; however, the relationship between ANS expression and petal pigmentation has yet to be established in crabapple. To illuminate the mechanism of anthocyanin accumulation in crabapple petals, we evaluated the expression of two crabapple ANS allelic genes (McANS-1 and McANS-2) and the levels of anthocyanins in petals from cultivars with dark red ('Royalty') and white ('Flame') petals, as well as another ('Radiant') whose petals have an intermediate pink color. We determined that the expression of McANS in the three cultivars correlated with the variation of anthocyanin accumulation during different petal developmental stages. Furthermore, transgenic tobacco plants constitutively overexpressing one of the two McANS genes, McANS-1, had showed elevated anthocyanin accumulation and a deeper red coloration in their petals than those from untransformed control lines. In conclusion, we propose that McANS are responsible for anthocyanin accumulation during petal coloration in different crabapple cultivars.

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Low Medium pH Value Enhances Anthocyanin Accumulation in Malus Crabapple Leaves

Cited by 30 publications

References 28 publications

MdMYB3 helps regulate anthocyanin accumulation in apple calli under moderately acidic conditions

MdMYB3 helps regulate anthocyanin accumulation in apple calli under moderately acidic conditions

Photoperiod and shading regulate coloration and anthocyanin accumulation in the leaves of malus crabapples

The expression level of anthocyanidin synthase determines the anthocyanin content of crabapple (Malus sp.) petals

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