Low Prevalence of Hepatitis B and C Virus Markers among Children and Adolescents

Abstract

This study aimed to determine the prevalence of HBV and HCV among children and adolescents attending schools and daycare centres in Rio de Janeiro State, located in southern Brazil. Serum samples from 1,217 individuals aged 0 to 18 years were collected from 1999 to 2012 and tested for HBsAg, total anti-HBc, anti-HBs, and anti-HCV by ELISA. Reactive HBsAg and anti-HBc samples were tested for HBV DNA. Reactive anti-HCV samples were tested for HCV RNA and genotyped by RFLP. HBsAg was detected in 1.8% of individuals, and total anti-HBc was detected among 3.6% of individuals. Anti-HBs reactivity was found among 25.3% (322/1,217) of the individuals and increased from 6.28% in the years 1999-2000 to 76.2% in the years 2001–2012 (P < 0.0001). HBV DNA was detected in 18 of 51 individuals who presented with HBsAg or isolated anti-HBc, and nine were considered occult hepatitis B cases. Three individuals were anti-HCV- and HCV RNA-positive: two of them were infected with genotype 1, and the other was infected with genotype 3. Low levels of HBV and HCV markers were observed in children and adolescents. HBV immunity increased during the period of study, indicating that childhood universal HBV vaccination has been effective for controlling HBV infection in Brazil.

A Cross Section Study to Determine the Prevalence of Antibodies against HIV Infection among Hepatitis B and C Infected Individuals

“…In Brazil, the HIV prevalence is 0.6% [ 11 ], the HCV prevalence is 1.38% [ 12 ], and the anti-HBc prevalence varies from 3.8% in the Federal District to 5.5% in the Northeast region of country [ 13 ]. Studies conducted among specific groups, such as military personnel, children and beauticians, observed a low prevalence of HBV and HCV infection in Rio de Janeiro [ 14 , 15 , 16 ].…”

Poor sensitivity of rapid tests for the detection of antibodies to the hepatitis B virus: implications for field studies

“…HBsAg prevalence is 0.63% in the north region, 0.31% in the midwest region and 0.31% in the southeast region ( BMH 2015 ). Additionally, HBsAg prevalence among different groups (children, beauticians and crack users) is low (0% to 6.2%) in Rio de Janeiro ( Santos-Cruz et al 2013 , Villar et al 2014a , b ).…”

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“…Presently, there are about 150 million people chronically infected with the virus [8,9] and 350,000 deaths occur each year due to HCV related conditions [6]. It is reported to be endemic in Nigeria with a National prevalence 3.6 -5% [10] and known to be commonly transmitted during unprotected sex, transfusion of infected blood, occupational injury, sexual activities, scarification and vertical transmission (51%) [10,11].…”