Low‐temperature plasma on peri‐implant–related biofilm and gingival tissue

Abstract

Background Evaluate the effect of low‐temperature plasma (LTP) on an anaerobic biofilm and on the biological response of an in vitro reconstituted gingival epithelium tissue. Methods Porphyromonas gingivalis W83 biofilm was cultured on titanium discs and reconstituted gingival tissues were submitted to similar treatment conditions. Treatments: LTP1—plasma treatment for 1 minute, LTP3—plasma treatment for 3 minute, CHX—0.2% chlorhexidine for 1 minute, GAS—gas only (no plasma) for 3 minute, and NEGATIVE—no treatment. TRITON group was included as a positive control for tissue analysis. Counting of viable colony forming units (CFU/mL) and confocal laser scanning microscopy were performed to evaluate LTP's antimicrobial effect. EpiGingival tissue was evaluated through cytotoxocity, viability, histology, and imunnohistochemistry (Ki67, vascular endothelial growth factor‐A vascular endothelial growth factor A [VEGF‐A], and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dutp nick end labeling [TUNEL] expression). Results LTP1 and LTP3 presented significantly different reduced CFU/mL reduction in comparison to the negative control (Ρ < 0.001), but it was not as effective as the positive control (CHX). Low cytotoxicity and high viability were observed in gingival epithelium of NEGATIVE, GAS, CHX, and both LTP groups. The morphologic analysis of gingival epithelium revealed minor cell damage in the plasma groups (score 1). LTP1, LTP3, GAS, and NEGATIVE groups exhibited less than 5% of basal layer positive cells. LTP1, LTP3, GAS, and CHX groups were not positive for TUNEL assay. LTP1 and LTP3 showed the most positivity for VEGF. Conclusions LTP treatment can be considered as an effective method for reducing P. gingivalis biofilm on implant surfaces, while being safe for the gingival epithelium. Furthermore, plasma treatment may be associated with cell repair.

The bactericidal effect of an atmospheric-pressure plasma jet onPorphyromonas gingivalisbiofilms on sandblasted and acid-etched titanium discs

“…However, they did not suggest a proper treatment time for P. gingivalis . Carreiro et al [18] applied an Ar-APPJ to an SLA surface for 1 and 3 minutes and reported a reduction in P. gingivalis colonization. However, the plasma treatment was ineffective compared to Chlorhexidine irrigation.…”

“…For implant treatment, Koban et al [17] applied an APPJ to machined titanium discs contaminated by Streptococcus mutans or multiple species from human saliva and observed a superior antiseptic effect of the APPJ compared to that of Chlorhexidine rinse. Recently, Carreiro et al [18] evaluated an Ar gas–based APPJ treatment on sandblasted and acid-etched (SLA) surfaces, which are among the most widely used surfaces of currently available commercial dental implants. They showed the possibility of using APPJs on SLA surfaces as a decontamination method for P. gingivalis biofilms.…”

Comprehensive biomedical applications of low temperature plasmas

“…However, the antibacterial effects of LTP, which are intermediated by ROS, do not show to increase bacterial resistance when bacteria are continuously exposed to it. These findings indicate that LTP is potentially a good candidate for in vivo antibiotic treatments [12][13][14].…”

“…Thus, LTP is potentially an effective treatment aiming to reduce P. gingivalis biofilm on implant surfaces and is safe for the gingival epithelium. Additionally, it may be related to cell repair [13].…”

“…The applications of plasmas in medicine have attracted interest in the medical research communities [11]. Plasma medicine applications include treatment of oral biofilm-related infections [12,13], treatment of wounds and skin diseases [19][20][21], assistance in cancer treatment [22][23][24], treatment of viruses infections (e.g. herpes simplex [25]); as well as, but not limited to, optimization of implants surfaces [26][27][28].…”