“…Derivatization of high μβ chromophores for steric inhibition of the close approach and attenuation of optical nonlinearity has permitted electro-optic coefficients in practical device materials to be increased from values of 5−15 pm/V to values of 30−80 pm/V (at 1.3 μm), − finally becoming competitive with lithium niobate.…”
Section: Generation Of Acentric Chromophore Latticesmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…It is conceivable that applications of electro-optic materials may arise in the future which can take advantage of the greater electro-optic activity which can be achieved by application of a bias field (see Figure ). Thus, we have begun to systematically explore not only electro-optic activity in conventional device configurations which operate in the absence of a bias field but also electro-optic activity utilizing the configuration shown in Figure which employs a bias field. ,, This particular configuration has the advantage of avoiding problems associated with acentric order stabilization by lattice hardening including the problem of optical loss arising from postpoling lattice hardening and inhibition of poling-induced reorientation due to premature cross-linking. 32 The principles of operation with and without a dc bias voltage are illustrated.…”
Section: Realizing the Full Potential Of Electro-optic
Chromophoresmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Thus, we have begun to systematically explore not only electro-optic activity in conventional device configurations which operate in the absence of a bias field but also electro-optic activity utilizing the configuration shown in Figure 32 which employs a bias field. 18,19,28 This particular configuration has the advantage of avoiding problems associated with acentric order stabilization by lattice hardening including the problem of optical loss arising from postpoling lattice hardening and inhibition of poling-induced reorientation due to premature cross-linking.…”
Section: Realizing the Full Potential Of Electro-optic Chromophoresmentioning
Chromophores with optimized second-order optical nonlinearity to optical loss ratios are
synthesized, poled with an electrical field, and coupled into hardened polymer matrixes. Acentric
order, which is necessary for electro-optic activity, is optimized by the consideration of
chromophore−chromophore electrostatic interactions as well as chromophore−poling field
interactions and thermal collisions which randomize chromophore orientations with respect to
the applied field direction. Reactive ion etching and/or multicolor photolithography are used to
fabricate buried channel waveguide structures out of the resulting polymeric electro-optic
materials and to integrate polymeric waveguides with silica optical fibers. Tapered transitions
are developed to minimize coupling (insertion) loss. Both vertical and horizontal integration of
polymeric electro-optic modulator circuitry with semiconductor very large scale integration
circuitry is demonstrated. Modulation to 113 GHz is demonstrated. Polymeric modulators are
relevant to cable television, phased-array radar, ultrafast analogue-to-digital conversion, high-speed optical switching in local area networks, optical beam steering, optical backplane
interconnects for parallel processors, and voltage sensing.
“…Derivatization of high μβ chromophores for steric inhibition of the close approach and attenuation of optical nonlinearity has permitted electro-optic coefficients in practical device materials to be increased from values of 5−15 pm/V to values of 30−80 pm/V (at 1.3 μm), − finally becoming competitive with lithium niobate.…”
Section: Generation Of Acentric Chromophore Latticesmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…It is conceivable that applications of electro-optic materials may arise in the future which can take advantage of the greater electro-optic activity which can be achieved by application of a bias field (see Figure ). Thus, we have begun to systematically explore not only electro-optic activity in conventional device configurations which operate in the absence of a bias field but also electro-optic activity utilizing the configuration shown in Figure which employs a bias field. ,, This particular configuration has the advantage of avoiding problems associated with acentric order stabilization by lattice hardening including the problem of optical loss arising from postpoling lattice hardening and inhibition of poling-induced reorientation due to premature cross-linking. 32 The principles of operation with and without a dc bias voltage are illustrated.…”
Section: Realizing the Full Potential Of Electro-optic
Chromophoresmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Thus, we have begun to systematically explore not only electro-optic activity in conventional device configurations which operate in the absence of a bias field but also electro-optic activity utilizing the configuration shown in Figure 32 which employs a bias field. 18,19,28 This particular configuration has the advantage of avoiding problems associated with acentric order stabilization by lattice hardening including the problem of optical loss arising from postpoling lattice hardening and inhibition of poling-induced reorientation due to premature cross-linking.…”
Section: Realizing the Full Potential Of Electro-optic Chromophoresmentioning
Chromophores with optimized second-order optical nonlinearity to optical loss ratios are
synthesized, poled with an electrical field, and coupled into hardened polymer matrixes. Acentric
order, which is necessary for electro-optic activity, is optimized by the consideration of
chromophore−chromophore electrostatic interactions as well as chromophore−poling field
interactions and thermal collisions which randomize chromophore orientations with respect to
the applied field direction. Reactive ion etching and/or multicolor photolithography are used to
fabricate buried channel waveguide structures out of the resulting polymeric electro-optic
materials and to integrate polymeric waveguides with silica optical fibers. Tapered transitions
are developed to minimize coupling (insertion) loss. Both vertical and horizontal integration of
polymeric electro-optic modulator circuitry with semiconductor very large scale integration
circuitry is demonstrated. Modulation to 113 GHz is demonstrated. Polymeric modulators are
relevant to cable television, phased-array radar, ultrafast analogue-to-digital conversion, high-speed optical switching in local area networks, optical beam steering, optical backplane
interconnects for parallel processors, and voltage sensing.
“…Recent advances in organic photonic materials suggest that these materials will play an important role in next generation electrooptical (EO) devices. [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15] Organic EO devices hold the potential of higher switching frequencies and lower operational voltages when compared to current inorganic materials (i.e., LiNO 3 ). For example, polymer-based materials with electrooptic coefficients in excess of 100 pm/V and switching frequencies greater than 100 GHz have been demonstrated.…”
One strategy for increasing the efficiency of organic electrooptic devices based on chromophore-polymer composite materials is to improve chromophore ordering. In these materials, ordering is induced through the interaction of the chromophore dipole moment with an external electric field, applied at temperatures near the Tg of the polymer host, a process referred to as "poling". To provide insight into the molecular details of the poling process under conditions representative of device construction, the rotational dynamics of single 4-dicyano-methylene-2-methyl-6-(p-(dimethylamino)styryl)-4H-pyran (DCM) molecules in poly(methyl acrylate) at T = Tg + 11 degrees C in the presence and absence of an electric field are investigated using single-molecule confocal fluorescence microscopy. Single-molecule rotational dynamics are monitored through the time evolution of the fluorescence anisotropy. The anisotropy correlation function demonstrates nonexponential decay, with beta values derived from fits using the Kohlrausch-Williams-Watts law ranging from 0.7 to 1 with beta(KWW) = 0.83. This observation is consistent with previous studies of molecular rotation dynamics in polymer melts and reflects the dynamical heterogeneity provided by the polymer host. The rotational dynamics of DCM are weakly perturbed in the presence of a 50 V/microm electric field, typical of the field strength employed in device construction. The expected perturbation of the rotational dynamics is determined and found to be consistent with the alignment potential created by the electric field relative to the amount of thermal energy available. The relevance of these findings with respect to current models of the poling process is discussed. This work demonstrates the utility of polarization-sensitive single-molecule microscopy in elucidating the details of molecular reorientation during poling.
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