Lower-Extremity Strength Profiles and Gender-Based Classification of Basketball Players Ages 9-22 Years

Buchanan, Patricia; Vardaxis, Vassilios

doi:10.1519/jsc.0b013e3181942140

Cited by 44 publications

(45 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…We noted a similar pattern in the non-dominant leg under fast speed contraction (field sport = 0.82 ± 0.13; court sport = 0.64 ± 0.12; P < 0.0001). Similar results were reported in other recent studies showing higher H:Q ratios in soccer and rugby players than basketball players (Buchanan and Vardaxis, 2009; Metaxas et al, 2009). …”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

H:Q Ratios and Bilateral Leg Strength in College Field and Court Sports Players

Cheung

Smith

Wong

2012

Journal of Human Kinetics

104

119

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One of the key components in sports injury prevention is the identification of imbalances in leg muscle strength. However, different leg muscle characteristics may occur in large playing area (field) sports and small playing area (court) sports, which should be considered in regular injury prevention assessment. This study examined the isokinetic hamstrings-to-quadriceps (H:Q) ratio and bilateral leg strength balance in 40 male college (age: 23.4 ± 2.5 yrs) team sport players (field sport = 23, soccer players; court sport = 17, volleyball and basketball players). Five repetitions of maximal knee concentric flexion and concentric extension were performed on an isokinetic dynamometer at two speeds (slow: 60°·s−1 and fast: 300°·s−1) with 3 minutes rest between tests. Both legs were measured in counterbalanced order with the dominant leg being determined as the leg used to kick a ball. The highest concentric peak torque values (Nm) of the hamstrings and quadriceps of each leg were analyzed after body mass normalization (Nm·kg−1). Court sport players showed significantly weaker dominant leg hamstrings muscles at both contraction speeds (P < 0.05). The H:Q ratio was significantly larger in field players in their dominant leg at 60°·s−1 (P < 0.001), and their non-dominant leg at 300°·s−1 (P < 0.001) respectively. Sport-specific leg muscle strength was evident in college players from field and court sports. These results suggest the need for different muscle strength training and rehabilitation protocols for college players according to the musculature requirements in their respective sports.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

H:Q Ratios and Bilateral Leg Strength in College Field and Court Sports Players

Cheung

Smith

Wong

2012

Journal of Human Kinetics

104

119

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…Available data consider age-related variation in isokinetic strength in athletes, but do not control for inter-individual differences in the timing of the growth spurt (Buchanan and Vardaxis 2009;Camic et al 2010;Housh et al 1995). The observations on adolescent basketball players indicated a trend of linear increase in isokinetic strength of the knee extensors muscle group, both in concentric and eccentric actions with age after PHV.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Isokinetic strength outputs are often expressed as a ratio standard to adjust for variation in body size (Buchanan and Vardaxis 2009;Forbes et al 2009;Gerodimos et al 2003). However, spurious correlations, potential misinterpretation of the data, and inaccurate conclusions are limitations of the ratio method (Nevill et al 1992;Tanner 1949;Winter 1992), especially when applied with children and adolescents.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Isokinetic maximal force production in concentric muscular actions increases with age in child and adolescent non-athletes (Almuzaini 2007;De Ste Croix et al 2002) and athletes (Buchanan and Vardaxis 2009;Camic et al 2010;Forbes et al 2009;Housh et al 1995;Nedeljkovic et al 2007;Weir et al 1999). Strength is affected by body size (Camic et al 2010;Housh et al 1995;Kanehisa et al 1995) so that it may be difficult to distinguish variation due to age per se from that due to size.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Scaling lower-limb isokinetic strength for biological maturation and body size in adolescent basketball players

Carvalho¹,

Coelho‐e‐Silva²,

Valente‐dos‐Santos³

et al. 2011

Eur J Appl Physiol

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The relationships between knee joint isokinetic strength, biological maturity status and body size were examined in 14-16-year-old basketball players, considering proportional allometric modeling. Biological maturity status was assessed with maturity offset protocol. Stature, body mass, sitting height, and estimated thigh volume were measured by anthropometry. Maximal moments of force of concentric and eccentric muscular actions for the knee extensors and flexors were assessed by isokinetic dynamometry at 60° s(-1). Regression analysis revealed a linear relation between maximal moments of force of the knee extensors in both muscular actions and knee flexors in concentric actions were moderately high (0.55 ≤ r ≤ 0.64). As for knee flexors in eccentric actions, a squared term of maturity indicator was significant indicating that the relationship with maturity offset tended to plateau approximately 2 years after PHV. Incorporating maturity indicator term with body size term (body mass or thigh volume) in the allometric models revealed that the size exponents for both body mass and thigh volume were reduced compared with simple allometric modeling. The results indicate a significant inter-individual variation in lower-limb isokinetic strength performance at 60° s(-1) in concentric and eccentric muscular actions in late adolescent basketball players. The variability in performance is related to inter-individual variation in estimated time before or after peak height velocity, as well as differences in body size. Proportional allometric models indicate that the influence of estimated time from age at peak height velocity on isokinetic strength performance is mostly mediated by corresponding changes in overall body mass.

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“…This might be similar effect to HAB/Q, where stronger Gmed might decrease the demand for VM activity. Subjects involved in this study did not have hip abduction, quadriceps or hamstring weakness itself (referenced in Table 1) according to normality data (Bohannon, 1997;Buchanan & Vardaxis, 2009;Danneskiold-Samsoe et al, 2009;Harbo, Brincks, & Andersen, 2012;Lehnert, Urban, Procházka, & Psotta, 2011), so the possibility that higher muscle activity would be find due to its weakness or malfunction was rejected.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hip abductors and thigh muscles strength ratios and their relation to electromyography amplitude during split squat and walking lunge exercises

Šťastný

Tufano²,

Lehnert³

et al. 2015

Acta Gymnica

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Background: The hip abductors (HAB), quadriceps (Q) and hamstrings (H) reciprocal strength ratios are predictors of electromyography (EMG) amplitude during load carrying walking at moderate intensity. Therefore, these strength ratios might predict also the EMG during the exercises as walking lunge (WL) or split squat (SSq) at submaximal intensity. Objective: To determine whether the EMG amplitude of vastus mediali (VM), vastus laterali (VL), biceps femoris (BF) and gluteus medius (Gmed) is associated with muscle strength ratio during SSqs and WLs. To determine whether the EMG amplitude differs between individuals with HAB/H ratio above and below one and between individuals with H/Q or HAB/Q ratio above and below 0.5 during SSqs and WLs. Methods: 17 resistance-trained men (age 29.6 ± 4.6 years) with at least 3 years of strength training performed in cross-sectional design 5 s maximal voluntary isometric contractions (MVIC) on an isokinetic dynamometer for knee extension, knee flexion, and hip abduction. The MVIC was used to normalize the EMG signal and estimate the individual strength ratios. Than participants performed WL and SSq for a 5 repetition maximum, to find out muscle activity at submaximal intensity of exercise. Results: The H/Q ratio was associated by Kendall's tau (τ) with VM (τ = .33) and BF (τ =-.71) amplitude, HAB/Q ratio was associated with BF (τ =-.43) and Gmed (τ = .38) amplitude, as well as HAB/H was associated with VM (τ =-.41) and Gmed (τ = .74) amplitude. ANOVA results showed significant differences between SSq and WL (F(4, 79) = 10, p < .001, η p 2 = .34) in Gmed amplitude, where WL resulted in higher Gmed amplitude compared to SSq. Other significant differences were found between H/Q groups (F(4, 29) = 3, p = .04, η p 2 = .28) in VM and Gmed amplitude, where group with H/Q > 0.5 showed higher VMO amplitude and lower Gmed amplitude. Furthermore, significant difference was found for HAB/H groups (F(4, 29) = 4, p = .02, η p 2 = .34) in VM amplitude, where group with HAB/H < 1 showed higher VM amplitude. Conclusions: The ratios of HAB, H and Q are able to predict Gmed, VM and BF activity during WL and SSq. WL resulted in higher activity level of Gmed than SSq, because WL includes the impact forces as part of lunge movement. WL should be used in resistance-training programme, if the strengthening of Gmed or VM is the aim.

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Lower-Extremity Strength Profiles and Gender-Based Classification of Basketball Players Ages 9-22 Years

Cited by 44 publications

References 26 publications

H:Q Ratios and Bilateral Leg Strength in College Field and Court Sports Players

H:Q Ratios and Bilateral Leg Strength in College Field and Court Sports Players

Scaling lower-limb isokinetic strength for biological maturation and body size in adolescent basketball players

Hip abductors and thigh muscles strength ratios and their relation to electromyography amplitude during split squat and walking lunge exercises

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