“…The heavy duty diesel engine combustion development for engines without SCR has since the introduction of EURO3 in 2000 focused on the trade-off between reducing the oxygen concentration in the cylinder by applying EGR and the resulting disadvantages of increased particulate emission, heat rejection and reduced load response as reported by Moser et al (2004) and Krüger et al (2009). The particulate emission has been greatly reduced by improving the combustion chamber and nozzle design in combination with higher injection pressure and the introduction of the diesel particulate filter.…”