“…The hole injection layer, ELM 200 (t-aromatic amine derivative, ELM co.), hole transport layer, N,N'-di(naphthalene)-N,N'-diphenyl-benzidine (NPB), and the emitting layer, tris-(8-hydroxyquinolinolato) aluminum(III) (Alq 3 ), and cathodes, LiF/Al, were deposited on the polymer electrode. Details of the device fabrication and characterization have been described elsewhere [20][21]. Briefly, ELM 200 (50 nm), NPB (30 nm), Alq 3 (50 nm), LiF (1 nm), and Al (100 nm) were prepared by sequential vacuum (base pressure ~10 -7 torr) deposition onto the patterned conducting polymer electrode substrates.…”