&lt;i&gt;In vitro &lt;/i&gt;Formation of Piperidine, Cadaverine and Pipecolic Acid in Chick and Mouse Brain during Development

Nomura, Yasuyuki; Schmidt-Glenewinkel, T.; Giacobini, Ezio

doi:10.1159/000112578

Cited by 45 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…Pipecolic acid is a major intermediate of Lys metabolism in the mammalian (Schmidt-Glenewinkel et al 1977;Giacobini et al 1980) and chick brain (Nomura et al 1978). The detected metabolites were divided into three groups by comparing levels in the Lys150% and Lys100% groups: up-regulated (> 1.2-fold of Lys100%), downregulated (< 0.8-fold) and no change (0.8-1.2).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Regulation of free glutamate content in meat by dietary lysine in broilers

Watanabe

Kobayashi

Shibata

et al. 2014

Animal Science Journal

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Regulation of taste is important for improving meat quality and glutamate (Glu) is one of the important taste-active components in meat. Here, the effects of dietary lysine (Lys) content on taste-active components in meat, especially free Glu, were investigated. Fourteen-day-old broiler chicks (Gallus gallus) were fed on diets containing 100% or 150% of the recommended Lys content for 10 days. Concentrations of free amino acids in plasma, muscle and liver were measured. The levels of messenger RNAs (mRNAs) for enzymes related to Glu metabolism were determined in muscle and liver. The concentration of muscle metabolites was also determined. The free Glu content in muscle of chicks fed the Lys150% diet was increased by 44.0% compared with that in chicks fed the Lys100% diet (P < 0.01). The mRNA level of lysine α-ketoglutarate reductase, which is involved in Lys degradation and Glu production, was significantly increased (P < 0.05) in the Lys150% group. Metabolome analysis showed that the Lys degradation products, muscular saccharopine, pipecolic acid and α-aminoadipic acid, were increased in the Lys150% group. Our results suggest that free Glu content in muscle is regulated by Lys degradation. These results suggest that a short-term feeding of high-Lys diet could improve the taste of meat.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Regulation of free glutamate content in meat by dietary lysine in broilers

Watanabe

Kobayashi

Shibata

et al. 2014

Animal Science Journal

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“…This spike in l -pipecolate levels almost exactly mirrors the change in NADPH-dependent T 3 -binding protein concentrations noted at birth. Synthesis of l -pipecolate from l -lysine has been shown to be accelerated in the perinatal period in chick and mouse brain homogenates and this may also correlate with the observed changes in l -pipecolate levels (Nomura et al 1978). It is interesting to note that by day 10 in rats, brain l -pipecolate is markedly decreased from its maximum just after birth (Nishio and Segawa 1983; Kim and Giacobini 1985).…”

Section: μ-Crystallin: the First P2c Reductase Identified In Mammaliamentioning

confidence: 99%

Lysine metabolism in mammalian brain: an update on the importance of recent discoveries

2013

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The lysine catabolism pathway differs in adult mammalian brain from that in extracerebral tissues. The saccharopine pathway is the predominant lysine degradative pathway in extracerebral tissues, whereas the pipecolate pathway predominates in adult brain. The two pathways converge at the level of Δ1-piperideine-6-carboxylate (P6C), which is in equilibrium with its open-chain aldehyde form, namely, α-aminoadipate δ-semialdehyde (AAS). A unique feature of the pipecolate pathway is the formation of the cyclic ketimine intermediate Δ1-piperideine-2-carboxylate (P2C) and its reduced metabolite l-pipecolate. A cerebral ketimine reductase (KR) has recently been identified that catalyzes the reduction of P2C to l-pipecolate. The discovery that this KR, which is capable of reducing not only P2C but also other cyclic imines, is identical to a previously well-described thyroid hormone-binding protein [μ-crystallin (CRYM)], may hold the key to understanding the biological relevance of the pipecolate pathway and its importance in the brain. The finding that the KR activity of CRYM is strongly inhibited by the thyroid hormone 3,5,3′-triiodothyronine (T3) has far-reaching biomedical and clinical implications. The interrelationship between tryptophan and lysine catabolic pathways is discussed in the context of shared degradative enzymes and also potential regulation by thyroid hormones. This review traces the discoveries of enzymes involved in lysine metabolism in mammalian brain. However, there still remain unanswered questions as regards the importance of the pipecolate pathway in normal or diseased brain, including the nature of the first step in the pathway and the relationship of the pipecolate pathway to the tryptophan degradation pathway.

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“…Lpipecolic acid (L-PA) is a major metabolic DL-tryptophan attenuates stress in chicks 27 intermediate of L-lysine in the mammalian (Schmidt-Glenewinkel et al, 1977;Giacobini et aZ. , 1980) and chicken brain (Nomura et al, 1978). Takagi et al (2001) reported that the i.c.v.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Intracerebroventricular Injection of Tryptophan, but not Lysine or Methionine, Induces Sedative Effect during an Acute Stressful Condition in Neonatal Chicks

Kurauchi

Asechi

Tachibana

et al. 2007

Journal of Applied Animal Research

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Kurauchi, I., Asechi, M., Tachibana, T., Han, L., Hayamizu, K., Denbow, D.M. and Furuse, M. 2007. Intracerebroventricular injection of tryptophan, but not lysine or methionine, induces a sedative effect during an acute stressful condition in neonatal chicks. J. Appl. Anim. Res., 31: 25-28.To elucidate the central effect of three essential amino acids viz. tryptophan, methionine and lysine on stress responses, each amino acid (0.8 pmol) or saline was administered i.c.v. just before exposure to social separation stress. The social separation stress increased spontaneous activity and vocalization of chicks, but these responses were attenuated by the i.c.v. injection of tryptophan, but not methionine or lysine. In conclusion, centrally administered tryptophan may be effective in attenuating anxiety induced by a psychological stressor.

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<i>In vitro </i>Formation of Piperidine, Cadaverine and Pipecolic Acid in Chick and Mouse Brain during Development

Cited by 45 publications

References 14 publications

Regulation of free glutamate content in meat by dietary lysine in broilers

Regulation of free glutamate content in meat by dietary lysine in broilers

Lysine metabolism in mammalian brain: an update on the importance of recent discoveries

Intracerebroventricular Injection of Tryptophan, but not Lysine or Methionine, Induces Sedative Effect during an Acute Stressful Condition in Neonatal Chicks

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