<p>A Magnesium-Incorporated Nanoporous Titanium Coating for Rapid Osseointegration</p>

Abstract

Purpose Micro-arc oxidation (MAO) is a fast and effective method to prepare nanoporous coatings with high biological activity and bonding strength. Simple micro/nano-coatings cannot fully meet the requirements of osteogenesis. To further improve the biological activity of a titanium surface, we successfully added biological magnesium (Mg 2+ ) to a coating by micro-arc oxidation and evaluated the optimal magnesium concentration in the electrolyte, biocompatibility, cell adhesion, proliferation, and osteogenesis in vitro. Methods Nanoporous titanium coatings with different concentrations of magnesium were prepared by micro-arc oxidation and characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). The Mg 2+ release ability of the magnesium-incorporated nanoporous titanium coatings was determined by inductively coupled plasma emission spectrometry (ICP-OES). The cytotoxicity of the magnesium-incorporated nanoporous titanium coatings was detected with live/dead double-staining tests. A CCK-8 assay was employed to evaluate cell proliferation, and FITC-phalloidin was used to determine the structure of the cytoskeleton by staining β-actin. Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity was evaluated by alizarin red S (ARS) staining to determine the effect of the coatings on osteogenic differentiation in vitro. The mRNA expression of osteogenic differentiation-related markers was measured using qRT-PCR. Results EDS analyses revealed the successful addition of magnesium to the microporous coatings. The best magnesium concentration of the electrolyte for preparing the new coating was determined. The results showed that the nano-coatings prepared using the electrolyte with 2 g/L magnesium acetate best promoted the adhesion, proliferation, and osteogenic differentiation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs). Conclusion These results suggest that the new titanium metal coating with a dual effect of promoting bone morphology and supplying the biological ion Mg 2+ can be beneficial for rapid osseointegration.

Characterization of magnesium doped sol-gel biomaterial for bone tissue regeneration: The effect of Mg ion in protein adsorption

“…Gao et al 35 have demonstrated an increase in ALP activity and osteogenic gene expression in MC3T3-E1 cells exposed to Mg-coated Ti6Al4V. Li et al 36 evaluated the osteogenic properties of a nanoporous titanium coating with different concentrations of magnesium acetate, which was able to promote the adhesion, proliferation, and differentiation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs).…”

Advanced Surface Modification for 3D-Printed Titanium Alloy Implant Interface Functionalization

“…The antibiotic coating and 3D-printed microporous implant can further improve the local antibiotic concentration. For instance, Li X et al (2020) developed a 3D-printed intervertebral cage covered with polyvinyl alcohol coating loaded with vancomycin that could effectively inhibit the reproduction of Escherichia coli , S. epidermidis, and S. aureus ( Figure 6 ). Moreover, the combination of antibiotics and Ag + may produce synergistic effects, reducing bacterial drug resistance and playing a stronger antibacterial function.…”

Biomaterial-based strategies for maxillofacial tumour therapy and bone defect regeneration

“…Strategies for the modification of titanium are mediated by adding specific elements, such as bioactive molecules (including PRF 75 and BMP 76 ) and inorganic metallic ions (e.g., magnesium 77 ). Via modification, the surface morphology of titanium has shown goal-directed reformation, which is more suitable for surrounding cells (such as BMSCs) to adhere and facilitate osteogenic differentiation (enhanced alkaline phosphatase (ALP) expression and calcium deposits).…”