<p>Analysis of Race and Gender Disparities in Incidence-Based Mortality in Patients Diagnosed with Thyroid Cancer from 2000 to 2016</p>

Abstract

Background Well-differentiated thyroid cancer has better outcomes compared to undifferentiated/anaplastic thyroid cancer. The incidence of well-differentiated thyroid cancer is known to be more in women whereas it is approximately the same in both genders for anaplastic thyroid cancer. The variability of incidence-based mortality across gender in the context of race has not been studied. This study analyzes the rates of incidence-based mortality from the years 2000 to 2016 amongst both the genders in four racial groups. Methods The Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database was utilized to conduct a nation-wide analysis for the years 2000 to 2016. Incidence-based mortality for all stages of well-differentiated and undifferentiated thyroid cancer was queried and the results were grouped by race (Caucasian/White, African American/Black, American Indian/Alaskan Native and Asian/Pacific Islander) and gender. All stages and ages were included in the analysis. Two sample t -test was used to determine statistically significant difference between various subgroups. Results Incidence-based mortality rates (per 100,000) for well-differentiated and undifferentiated thyroid cancer for all races and both the genders were calculated. The incidence-based mortality rates for both genders are approximately the same despite a 2–3:1 difference in incidence. Anaplastic thyroid cancer has a higher mortality rate in Caucasian and Asian/Pacific Islander women compared to men despite an equal ratio in incidence. As expected, the mortality rates of anaplastic thyroid cancer were significantly higher compared to well-differentiated cancer across all races and genders. Also, Asian/Pacific Islander women have a higher rate of mortality compared to both the genders of Caucasian and African American races. Conclusion Incidence-based mortality for anaplastic thyroid cancer is higher in women in all races whereas there is no difference in mortality between men and women for well-differentiated thyroid cancer. This is divergent from the incidence ratios noted in these malignancies. In the context of increasing incidence of thyroid cancer for the past few decades, this data suggests that additional resources may be devoted to decreasing the disparity of mortality in this gender.

Intersectionality in cancer care: A systematic review of current research and future directions

“…43 To date, most cancer care research has examined patient identity in relative isolation, characterizing the independent effect of marginalized patient identities. [44][45][46][47][48] The characterization of an individual's identity using a siloed, unifocal approach can, however, result in a less patient-centered approach and likely ignores the true lived experience of these patient populations. 6 Rather, the use of an intersectional lens can help shift away from a unidimensional approach to a more multidimensional, nuanced, and reflective perspective of an individual.…”

“…Despite increased awareness around cancer‐related health inequities, disparities for many marginalized patients with different cancers have persisted or even increased over the last several decades 43 . To date, most cancer care research has examined patient identity in relative isolation, characterizing the independent effect of marginalized patient identities 44‐48 . The characterization of an individual's identity using a siloed, unifocal approach can, however, result in a less patient‐centered approach and likely ignores the true lived experience of these patient populations 6 .…”

Association of Polygenetic Risk Scores Related to Cell Differentiation and Inflammation with Thyroid Cancer Risk and Genetic Interaction with Dietary Intake

“…The incidence of thyroid cancer varies between ethnicities, but gender differences are uniformly observed [ 30 ]. However, the molecular factors that mediate gender differences have not been well determined.…”

Potential Novel Modules and Hub Genes as Prognostic Candidates of Thyroid Cancer by Weighted Gene Co-Expression Network Analysis

“…THCA is a rare malignant tumor, accounting for less than 1% of human malignant tumors. [1][2][3] However, it is the most common cancer in the endocrine system and the cause of death for most endocrine cancers. 4,5 The occurrence and development of THCA is a multifactorial disease process, involving a variety of molecular mechanisms.…”

“…1,2 The most common pathological type of thyroid carcinoma is papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC), accounting for about 80% of the total number of THCA. [3][4][5] Most thyroid cancers have good prognosis, the 5-year survival rate is more than 95%. 6,7 Although the incidence rate of THCA is increasing year by year, the molecular biological mechanism of thyroid carcinogenesis and development is not clear.…”