<p>Apigenin-Loaded Solid Lipid Nanoparticle Attenuates Diabetic Nephropathy Induced by Streptozotocin Nicotinamide Through Nrf2/HO-1/NF-kB Signalling Pathway</p>

Abstract

Background: Apigenin is known to have a broad-spectrum efficacy in oxidative stress and conditions due to inflammation, although weak absorption, fast metabolic rate and a fast elimination (systemic) limit the pharmacological efficacy of this drug. Hence, we propose the usage of highly bioavailable Apigenin-solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNPs) to recognize such limitations. The defensive function of Apigenin-SLNPs on renal damage induced by streptozotocin (STZ) in animals was studied. Materials and Methods: We initially injected the rats with 35 mg kg −1 streptozocin intraperitoneally, and after 7 days, the rats were then injected 150 mg kg −1 of metformin intragastrically followed by a once-daily intragastric dose of Apigenin-SLNP (25 or 50 mg kg −1) for a continuous period of 30 days. We then measured the level of insulin and blood glucose, superoxide dismutase, catalase and malondialdehyde in the tissues of the kidney. We also observed messenger-RNA expression of Interleukin-1β, Interleukin-6 and Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha in renal tissue through RT-PCR technique. Moreover, H&E staining and Western blotting observed the histopathological variations and protein expression of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2/heme oxygenase/Nuclear Factor-κB signaling pathway, respectively. Results: An enhancement in the expressing of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 and heme oxygenase-1 and a suppression in the expression of Nuclear Factor-κB occurred due to Apigenin-SLNPs treatment, which was a result of the protective mechanism of Apigenin-SLNPs which is because of not only its anti-inflammatory function (by inhibition of release of inflammatory factors) but also their anti-oxidant activity (through reduction of lipid peroxidation production). Conclusion: We found that a protective effect on diabetic nephropathy was shown due to Apigenin-SLNPs, in rats induced with streptozocin maybe through the pathway of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2/heme oxygenase-1/Nuclear Factor-κB.

Pharmacokinetic study of Tangwang Mingmu granule for the management of diabetic retinopathy based on network pharmacology

“…Apigenin was reported to possess substantial anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activity via activation of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 and haem oxygenase-1 (Li et al. 2020 ), while kaempferol was shown to reduce inflammatory and fibrogenic responses in NRK-52E cells induced by high glucose (Luo et al. 2021 ).…”

Effects of Apigenin on the Expression of LOX‐1, Bcl‐2, and Bax in Hyperlipidemia Rats

“…Apigenin, chemically known as 4′,5,7‐trihydroxyflavone, is a natural flavonoid mainly found in common fruits and vegetables, such as celery, onion, orange, chamomile, and malt. Apigenin has been applied as an antioxidant and anti‐inflammatory compound for many years [10–12] . Rats were treated with apigenin through intragastric administration at a dose of 8.0 g/kg for two weeks.…”

Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Derived Exosomes Carry MicroRNA-125a to Protect Against Diabetic Nephropathy by Targeting Histone Deacetylase 1 and Downregulating Endothelin-1

“…The staining in 20 random glomerular areas was scored by three pathologists who had no idea of the grouping details, and the scoring was performed according to tubular cell necrosis, cytoplasmic vacuole formation, hemorrhage, and tubular dilatation. 15 Moreover, immunohistochemical staining was performed to examine the protein level of a fibrosis-marker collagen I (Col. I) in the rat kidney tissues using anti-collagen I (1:200, ab254113, Abcam).…”