<p>Biomarkers in acute myocardial infarction: current perspectives</p>

Abstract

PurposeAcute myocardial infarction (AMI) is the most common cause of death in the world. Comprehensive risk assessment of patients presenting with chest pain and eliminating undesirable results should decrease morbidity and mortality rates, increase the quality of life of patients, and decrease health expenditure in many countries. In this study, the advantages and disadvantages of the enzymatic and nonenzymatic biomarkers used in the diagnosis of patients with AMI are given in historical sequence, and some candidate biomarkers – hFABP, GPBB, S100, PAPP-A, RP, TNF, IL6, IL18, CD40 ligand, MPO, MMP9, cell-adhesion molecules, oxidized LDL, glutathione, homocysteine, fibrinogen, and D-dimer procalcitonin – with a possible role in the diagnosis of AMI are discussed.MethodsThe present study was carried out using meta-analyses, reviews of clinical trials, evidence-based medicine, and guidelines indexed in PubMed and Web of Science.ResultsThese numerous AMI biomarkers guide clinical applications (diagnostic methods, risk stratification, and treatment). Today, however, TnI remains the gold standard for the diagnosis of AMI. Details in the text will be given of many biomarkers for the diagnosis of AMI.ConclusionWe evaluated the advantages and disadvantages of routine enzymatic and nonenzymatic biomarkers and the literature evidence of other candidate biomarkers in the diagnosis of AMI, and discuss challenges and constraints that limit translational use from bench to bedside.

Microencapsulated Insulin-Like Growth Factor-1 therapy improves cardiac function and reduces fibrosis in a porcine acute myocardial infarction model

“…According to literature cTnI is the biomarker of choice for the diagnosis of myocardial necrosis 38 . In our case, significant differences between groups were detected in the post-reperfusion cTnI values.…”

miRNAs as Biomarkers in Disease: Latest Findings Regarding Their Role in Diagnosis and Prognosis

“…Acute coronary syndromes refer to the damage suffered by the myocardial tissue as a result of decreased blood flow through the coronary arteries, its gravity depending on the grade of the occlusion. Circulating biomarkers that are traditionally used, while indispensable in current medical practice, still leave room for improvement, since, to date, no ideal cardiac biomarker can be singled out [196]. Cardiac troponins, considered one of the most advantageous assays for the diagnosis of acute myocardial necrosis, can be spilled into the bloodstream in any situation that involves damage to the cardiac muscle, making it an organ-specific biomarker [197].…”

Obscurin and Clusterin Elevation in Serum of Acute Myocardial Infarction Patients

“…Acute myocardial infarction (AMI) is a chronic disease and a major cause of mortality worldwide . AMI is currently diagnosed based on an electrocardiogram (ECG) and elevated protein biomarker levels, such as troponin I, troponin T, myoglobin, creatine kinase (CK), and creatine kinase‐myoglobin (CK‐MB) . However, medical diagnosis has traditionally relied on chest pain and ECG abnormalities, even though chest pain is sometimes atypical and alterations in the ECG can be non‐specific or absent .…”

“…Moreover, reported elevations in troponin I levels suggest expression may be altered in other diseases, such as syncope and seizure . CK‐MB and MB exhibit delayed secretion into serum after symptom onset, presenting a disadvantage for AMI diagnosis . Recently, heart fatty acid binding protein has been reported as an early biomarker secreted within 2–3 h after symptom onset, but exhibits low cardiac cell specificity compared to cardiac troponins .…”