<p>Fe₃O₄ Magnetic Nanoparticles Under Static Magnetic Field Improve Osteogenesis via RUNX-2 and Inhibit Osteoclastogenesis by the Induction of Apoptosis</p>

Abstract

The presented study aimed to investigate the effects of Fe 3 O 4 nanoparticles and static magnetic field on osteoblast and osteoclasts' metabolic activity. Methods: Magnetic nanoparticles were prepared by a wet chemical co-precipitation process and analyzed using X-ray powder diffraction, high-resolution transmission electron microscope (HRTEM), dynamic light scattering (DLS), laser Doppler velocimetry, Raman and the Mössbauer spectroscopy. In vitro experiments were performed using MC3T3, 4B12 and RAW 264.7 cell lines. Cells were cultured in the presence of nanoparticles and with or without exposure to the magnetic field. Proteins were investigated with Western blotting and immunofluorescence and Western blot. Gene expression was analyzed with a quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. Results: Obtained particles were in the nano-range (average size around 50 nm) and had a spherical-like morphology. The typical hydrodynamic size was in the range 178-202 nm and Zeta potential equaled -9.51 mV. Mössbauer spectrum corresponds to the Fe +3 ions in tetrahedral (A) and Fe +3 and Fe +2 ions in octahedral (B) sites of Fe 3 O 4 . In vitro study revealed cytocompatibility and anti-inflammatory effects of fabricated nanoparticles. Furthermore, it was shown that nanoparticles combined with magnetic field exposure enhance osteogenic differentiation of MC3T3 cells by upregulation of RUNX-2 activity. Under the same experimental condition, nanoparticles and magnetic field decreased osteoclastogenesis of 4B12 by the induction of apoptosis through the mitochondrial-dependent pathway. Conclusion: Fe 3 O 4 nanoparticles together with magnetic field can be applied for the fabrication of novel biomaterials for the treatment of bone disorders related to bone loss in which a balance between bone-forming and resorbing cells is disturbed.

Exosomes derived from magnetically actuated bone mesenchymal stem cells promote tendon-bone healing through the miR-21-5p/SMAD7 pathway

“…In general, peri-tunnel bone loss after ACLR is commonly observed in both clinical and pre-clinical studies, which might adversely affect the tendon graft enthesis mineralization and result in a less stable surface for tendon-bone integration [ 75 , 76 ]. Based on previous studies, SMF or IONPs, delivered alone or in combination, could enhance osteogenesis, inhibit osteoclastogenesis, and enhance the stability of the bone tunnel healing surface [ [45] , [46] , [47] , 49 , 77 , 78 ]. Our study also found that IONP-Exos improved bone tunnel healing by decreasing the bone tunnel diameter and stimulating new trabecular bone formation.…”

“…The vascular networks at the tendon-bone tunnel surface were not assessed by angiography, mainly due to the relatively small diameter of the bone tunnel. Third, the effect of IONP-Exos on osteogenesis was also not explored in vitro, as there are consistent reports concerning this issue [ 47 , 78 ]. Finally, additional studies will be needed to address the exact mechanisms by which IONPs in combination with SMF lead to the upregulation of miRNAs in IONP-Exos.…”

Aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES)-Modified Nanohydroxyapatite (nHAp) Incorporated with Iron Oxide (IO) Nanoparticles Promotes Early Osteogenesis, Reduces Inflammation and Inhibits Osteoclast Activity

“…Yet, it should be taken into consideration that Runx2 is an early marker of osteogenic differentiation. It was previously shown by our group that Fe 3 O 4 nanoparticles can be applied for the fabrication of biomaterials for OP patients as they improve osteogenesis via the Runx2 pathway and decrease osteoclastogenesis by triggering apoptosis; however, in the combination with APTES, such effects were limited [ 27 ]. In the case of osteoclasts, materials doped with APTES decreased expression of Mmp9, PU.1 and c-fos; however, when taking into consideration data from apoptosis analysis, nHAp@APTES most significantly inhibited osteoclast activity among tested compounds.…”

“…Fabrication of the magnetic nanoparticles was carried out by using wet chemical coprecipitation according to our previous paper [ 27 ]. The precursors were as follows: FeSO 4 ∙ 7H 2 O (Chempur, Piekary Slaskie, Poland, <99.5%), KOH (Chempur, Piekary Slaskie, Poland, pure p.a.)…”

Fe 3 O 4 @MCM-41-Hydroxyapatite-Teriparatide nanocomposite: as a highly efficient drug delivery system for bone tissue

“…Targeted medication delivery decreases the medicine's harmful effects on surrounding healthy tissues while lowering the drug's needed dose. Marycz et al showed that to create new biomaterials for the treatment of bone illnesses associated with bone loss when the equilibrium between bone-forming and resorbing cells is altered, Fe 3 O 4 nanoparticles and magnetic elds can be used [32]. Magnetite nanoparticles are treated with organic or inorganic coatings to improve their biocompatibility for usage in medication delivery [33].…”