<p>Metabolic Syndrome for Cardiovascular Disease Morbidity and Mortality Among General Japanese People: A Mini Review</p>

Abstract

Background: The importance of management of metabolic syndrome (MetS) for risk reduction of cardiovascular disease (CVD) has been recognized worldwide. Because of the comparatively unique characteristics of bodily figure/obesity and incident CVD in Japan, the relevance of MetS on CVD can be still discussed among Japanese people. The present study aimed to review briefly the relationship of MetS with CVD morbidity/mortality among general Japanese people. Methods: Population-based prospective cohort studies evaluating the predictive value of MetS on CVD morbidity/mortality via a PubMed search up to 2019 were summarized. Results: We identified two studies on morbidity that reported MetS to predict CVD morbidity. We identified three studies on mortality, and these studies showed an increased direction of hazard ratio (HR) of CVD mortality, while one study reported an insignificant prediction of MetS for CVD mortality. In the meta-analysis method, MetS significantly predicted CVD morbidity (HR=1.71 [95% confidence interval=1.34-2.18] in men and HR=1.89 [95% confidence interval=1.45-2.46] in women) as well as CVD mortality (HR=1.68 [95% confidence interval=1.37-2.06] in men and HR=1.73 [95% confidence interval=1.39-2.15] in women). Conclusion: Among general Japanese people, MetS can be a positive predictor of CVD morbidity/mortality. Since the studies are limited, more research is needed to establish the findings.

The Incidence of Metabolic Syndrome and the Valid Blood Pressure Cutoff Value for Predicting Metabolic Syndrome Within the Normal Blood Pressure Range in the Population Over 40 Years Old in Guiyang, China

“… 1 MS increases the possibility of having type 2 diabetes (T2D) and cardiovascular disease. 2 , 3 Based on the recommendation of the Seventh Report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure (JNC7) [USA] in 2003, the normal blood pressure (BP) range is divided into prehypertension (120–139/80–89 mmHg) and normotension (<120/80 mmHg). 4 In China, BP is also defined using actual data from the Chinese population.…”

<p>Impact of Metabolic Syndrome Components in High-Risk Cardiovascular Disease Development in Older Adults</p>

“…Some studies cite MS as a predictor for the DM diagnosis. [32][33][34] Despite this association, the literature has also described DM as an insufficient predictor of cardiovascular impairments. 35,36 Yet, many other studies associate DM with the appearance of complications in the cardiovascular system.…”

“…A review study conducted in Japan showed MS as a potential predictor of mortality from CVD associated complications. 32 In the USA, a cohort study revealed that MS patients are 30% more likely to develop CVD. 44 When studying CVD according to the MS risk factors, an Iranian study 45 revealed that the highest number of MS components is associated with the highest risk of cardiovascular complications.…”

Metabolic Syndrome and Autophagy: Focus on HMGB1 Protein

“…Metabolic syndrome (MetS) increases significantly morbidity and all-cause mortality worldwide (Cornier et al, 2008;Alamdari et al, 2020;Watanabe and Kotani, 2020). MetS is linked to cognitive decline and Alzheimer's disease (AD), and this has suggested the term "metaboliccognitive syndrome" (Frisardi et al, 2010).…”