<p>Nematicidal activity of silver nanoparticles from the fungus <em>Duddingtonia flagrans</em></p>

Abstract

Background: Helminth parasites cause morbidity and mortality in both humans and animals. Most anthelmintic drugs used in the treatment of parasitic nematode infections act on target proteins or regulate the electrical activity of neurons and muscles. In this way, it can lead to paralysis, starvation, immune attack, and expulsion of the worm. However, current anthelmintics have some limitations that include a limited spectrum of activity across species and the threat of drug resistance, which highlights the need for new drugs for human and veterinary medicine. Purpose: Present study has been conducted to determine the anthelmintic activity of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) synthesized from the extract of nematophagous fungus, Duddingtonia flagrans, on the infecting larvae of Ancylostoma caninum (L 3 ). Methods: The nanoparticles were characterized by visual, ultraviolet, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analysis, and X-ray diffraction. The in vitro study was based on experiments to inhibit the motility of infective larvae (L 3 ), and the ultrastructural analysis of the nematode was performed by images obtained by TEM. Results: The XRD studies revealed the crystalline nature of the nanoparticles, and FTIR results implied that AgNPs were successfully synthesized and capped with compounds present in the extract. The results showed that the green synthesis of AgNPs exhibited nematicidal activity, being the only ones capable of penetrating the cuticle of the larvae, causing changes in the tegmentum, and consequently, the death of the nematode. Conclusion: The extract of the fungus D. flagrans is able to synthesize AgNP and these have a nematicidal action.

All That Glitters Is Not Silver—A New Look at Microbiological and Medical Applications of Silver Nanoparticles

“…Moreover, AgNPs synthesized by Cryphonectria sp. showed antibacterial activity against various human pathogenic bacteria, including S. aureus , Klebsiella pneumoniae , E. coli , Salmonella typhi and Candida albicans [ 9 , 30 , 73 , 74 , 75 , 76 , 77 , 78 , 79 ].…”

“…Biologically synthesized AgNP stabilized additionally with sodium dodecyl sulfate and analysis of MIC tests showed increased antifungal activity compared to fluconazole often used in hospitals in relation to clinical isolates and ATCC strains: Trichophyton mentagrophytes , Phoma glomerata , Phoma herbarum , Fusarium semitectum , Trichoderma sp., Candida albicans , Candida glabrata , Aspergillus niger and Issatchenkia orientalis [ 31 , 32 , 33 , 34 , 35 , 36 , 37 , 38 , 39 , 73 , 74 , 75 , 76 ]. Biologically synthesized AgNPs showed antifungal activity against phytopathogens such as Alternaria alternata , Sclerotinia sclerotiorum , Macrophomina phaseolina , Rhizoctonia solani , Botrytis cinerea and Curvularia lunata Fusarium oxysporum [ 31 , 32 , 33 , 34 , 35 , 36 , 37 , 38 , 39 , 73 , 74 , 75 , 76 ].…”

Extracellular synthesis of silver nanoparticles using entomopathogenic fungus: characterization and antibacterial potential

“…[16,[20][21][22]. Synthesis of AgNPs via fungi gain more attention because they produce large amount of biomass in a short period of time under lab conditions and produce large amount of extracellular protein that help in synthesis of nanoparticles [23,24]. Dhanaraj et al [17] observed the AgNPs synthesis potential of fungi Aspergillus niger and observed significant anti-bacterial properties of AgNPs against Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumonia, Escherichia coli, and Salmonella typhi.…”

Silver Nanomaterials for Wound Dressing Applications

“…Green synthesis represents a low-cost, environmentally friendly way of producing AgNPs without using high temperatures and pressures [46]. Typically, the plant [46][47][48][49][50], fungus [51][52][53] or bacteria extract is mixed with silver ions containing salt (silver nitrate is mainly used [46][47][48][49][50][51][52][53]) and bioactive molecules of extracts reduce silver ions to elementary silver. A huge advantage of using plant extracts is the fact that many plants contain health-beneficial compounds, also known from their use in conventional medicine (for example, paclitaxel, vincristine or artemisinin) [54].…”