<p>Primary poorly differentiated small cell type neuroendocrine carcinoma of the hypopharynx</p>

Abstract

The incidence of primary poorly differentiated neuroendocrine carcinoma (PDNC) of the hypopharynx iŝ4%. However, the disease pathogenesis, natural history, and prognostic factors remain poorly understood. We report the case of a 66-year-old man who presented with multiple metastases from primary PDNC of the hypopharynx. Physical examination revealed ã3×4 cm left cervical mass located at the level III, with tenderness and an unclear boundary. Laryngoscopy revealed a large mass arising from the posterior hypopharynx; glottis and vocal cord movements were invisible. After consultation with our head and neck oncological multidisciplinary team, diagnosis and specific treatment plan were made. Under general anesthesia, a biopsy sample was obtained via suspension laryngoscopy. Routine pathology revealed small cell carcinoma. Immunohistochemical staining identified neoplastic cells that were positive for cytokeratins, CD56, chromogranin A, and synaptophysin. The Ki-67 mitotic index approached 80%. These findings confirmed hypopharyngeal PDNC, and chemotherapy was prescribed. After 7 months, the tumor metastasized to the left side of the anterior chest wall, bilateral lungs, left liver, and skeleton. The soft tissue of the chest wall was biopsied, and pathology revealed PDNC. Subsequent examinations over the next 4 months confirmed multiple liver metastatic lesions. The patient succumbed to the cancer progression a month later. Here, we systematically review the clinical manifestations, pathogenesis, prognostic factors, and treatment of the disease. In conclusion, patients always have a poor prognosis due to a lack of optimal treatment.

Profile of Head and Neck Neuroendocrine Carcinoma at Hasan Sadikin General Hospital Bandung from 2016 to 2020

“…The symptoms include neck mass and dysphagia; specifically, the most common is s globus sensation. Other symptoms are weight loss, dyspnea, hoarseness, and throat pain [2]. With laryngeal lesions, it is possible to have respiratory discomfort.…”

“…Small-Cell NEC (SCNEC) usually comes from the pulmonary tract, but it rarely also arises from genitourinary, gastrointestinal, breast, neck, also head areas. It mainly occurs in the larynx, salivary gland, nose, and paranasal sinuses [2]. The oral cavity accounts for 9 percent, the oropharynx for 12 percent, the larynx for 35 percent, the hypopharynx for 4 percent, the nasopharynx for 10 percent, and approximately 30% of the total is comprised of the sinonasal [3].…”

Surgical palliation in poorly differentiated neuroendocrine carcinoma of the hypopharynx: Case report

“…Conversely, current literature includes only a limited number of pure hypopharyngeal NECs. 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 , 18 , 19 , 20 , 21 , 22 , 23 , 24 , 25 Table 1 summarises their main characteristics.…”

“…Conversely, current literature includes only a limited number of pure hypopharyngeal NECs 9–25 . Table 1 summarises their main characteristics.…”

Inhibition of adenoid cystic carcinoma cell proliferation and migration through autophagy inhibition via GLUT1 knockdown

“…Similar to most malignant tumors, the physiological environment of ACC is characterized by local hypoxia that results from an insu cient oxygen supply [5][6][7][8]. Under hypoxic conditions, cancer cells undergo metabolic adaptation through the Warburg effect, which involves glycolysis and a signi cant increase in glucose uptake [9][10][11][12][13]. Glucose transporter-1 (GLUT1) is important for glucose uptake and transportation in cancer cells [11][12][13][14].…”