<p>Risk analysis of systemic levels of estrogen and adipokines as well as estrogen receptors from PBMCs in childbearing and perimenopausal women with obesity</p>

Abstract

Purpose We aimed to evaluate the clinical value of systemic levels of estrogen and adipokines as well as estrogen receptors from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) in childbearing and perimenopausal women with obesity. Subjects and methods We observed 292 women, including 160 perimenopausal women (80 with obesity and 80 without obesity) and 132 women of childbearing age (67 with obesity and 65 without obesity). Body parameters, such as body mass index and waist circumference, were measured. Fat distribution was evaluated using a computerized tomography scanner. The levels of serum estrogen, leptin, visfatin, and adiponectin were measured using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The expression of circulating ERs was evaluated by Western blot analysis. Results Perimenopausal women and childbearing women with obesity exhibited lower levels of estrogen and adiponectin, in addition to a distribution of visceral fat with higher levels of leptin and visfatin. These findings reflect the current data of menopausal women, which confirms the reliability of this experimental system. However, the expression of ERα in peripheral blood was significantly enhanced in women with obesity of both childbearing and perimenopausal age. This result is contrary to the common understanding of adipose tissue, namely that ERα is protective. The expression of ERβ in the women without obesity of both childbearing and perimenopausal age was higher than in women with obesity, which coincides with the results of a previous study on adipose tissue. Conclusion Our data fundamentally contradicts the utility of circulating ERα and ERα/ERβ evaluations in obesity studies. Because estrogen exerts pleiotropic effects on multiple tissues in the body through differential regulation of ERs, although the expression of ERβ coincides with the results of a previous study on adipose tissue, the expression levels of ERs in blood cannot be used as a diagnostic of informative tool for obesity in women.

Correlation between physical activity and cardiovascular risk factors in postmenopausal women from Colombia Caribbean

“…Fan et al, in 2019, observed that decreased levels of physical activity and low musculoskeletal activation in postmenopausal women, increased the cardiovascular risk associated with the reduction of leptin and adiponectin plasma concentrations, increased insulin resistance and body weight gain by the extent of adipose tissue. 24 These findings are associated with those found in this study, where obese women spend less average energy on physical activity compared to women with normal BMI.…”

Serum Metabolic Profiles of Chinese Women With Perimenopausal Obesity Explored by the Untargeted Metabolomics Approach

“…These (5 ml) were collected and centrifuged for 15 min at 3,500 rpm and then were preserved at −80°C for subsequent experiments. Because the estrogen level may be one of the factors affecting the results, the serum estrogen levels were measured using a standard enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, which was as described in our previous study (6).…”

“…The pathophysiological state of PO is quite complicated. It is influenced by many pathogenic factors, of which estrogen deficiency plays a key role (6). The complicated interactions among these factors sometimes make the situation intractable.…”

The Impact of Hormonal Imbalances Associated with Obesity on the Incidence of Endometrial Cancer in Postmenopausal Women

“…One of obesity's main links to the problem of cancer is that it usually involves an increase in visceral fat, which leads to significantly increased insulin hormonal activity. This onset of visceral fat can be augmented by the onset of menopause wherein the lowered levels of circulating estrogen may lead to a loss of subcutaneous fat and an increase in visceral fat, for estrogen has been linked to the accumulation of subcutaneous fat (7). This change in fat distribution implicates a major role for estrogen in the development of post-menopausal obesity, making it a candidate for examination in the discussion of the development of EC.…”