<p>Role of Chemokines and Chemokine Receptors in Rheumatoid Arthritis</p>

Abstract

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is one of the most prevalent autoimmune diseases and a prototypic inflammatory disease, affecting the small joints of the hands and feet. Chemokines and chemokine receptors play a critical role in RA pathogenesis via immune cells recruitment. Several chemokines and chemokine receptors are abundant in the peripheral blood and in the local inflamed joints of RA. Furthermore, synthetic and biologics disease modifying anti rheumatic drugs have been reported to affect chemokines expression. Thus, many studies have focused on targeting chemokines and chemokine receptors, where some have shown positive promising results. However, most of the chemokine blockers in human trials of RA treatment displayed some failures that can be attributed to several reasons in their structures and binding affinities. Nevertheless, targeting chemokines will continue to be under development, in order to improve their therapeutic potentials in RA and other autoimmune diseases. In this review we provide an up-to-date knowledge regarding the role of chemokines and chemokine receptors in RA with an emphasis on their activities on immune cells. We also discussed the effects of drugs targeting those molecules in RA. This knowledge might provide impetus for developing new therapeutic modalities to treat this chronic disease.

Therapeutic Cytokine Inhibition Modulates Activation and Homing Receptors of Peripheral Memory B Cell Subsets in Rheumatoid Arthritis Patients

“…Currently, specific biologics such as TNF-α inhibitors and IL-6 receptor antibodies are considered highly efficacious therapeutic agents in RA treatment. Immune cell monitoring may help assess these therapies to reach optimal responses (3,32,33). Therefore, the main objective of this study was to explore the impact of in vivo IL-6 or TNF-α inhibition on the activation status of B cells.…”

“…RA causes considerable morbidity, diminishes the life quality, and increases mortality with increasing age (1,2). RA is influenced by environmental and genetic factors, with obesity, diet, smoking, and microbial infections are known to induce RA in genetically susceptible individuals (3,4). Inflammation of joints is the hallmark of RA, comprising a syndrome of pain, stiffness, and symmetrical synovitis of diarthrodial joints.…”

RETRACTED ARTICLE: Does serum B lymphocyte chemoattractant protein13 (CXCL13) level correlate with parameters of disease activity and severity in rheumatoid arthritis? Clinical and musculoskeletal ultrasonographic assessment

“…Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) affects about 1-3% of the world's population, and it is considered one of the most popular autoimmune diseases. Hands and feet's small synovial joints are primarily involved [1]. It is characterized by synovitis extending to the adjacent articular cartilage leading to erosion and further tissue damage.…”

<p>Targeting Chemokines and Chemokine Receptors in Multiple Sclerosis and Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis</p>

“…Table 1 demonstrates the recent understanding of the 4 chemokine subfamilies and their receptors (for reviews, please see). [14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30]…”