<p>Subcellular Performance of Nanoparticles in Cancer Therapy</p>

Abstract

With the advent of nanotechnology, various modes of traditional treatment strategies have been transformed extensively owing to the advantageous morphological, physiochemical, and functional attributes of nano-sized materials, which are of particular interest in diverse biomedical applications, such as diagnostics, sensing, imaging, and drug delivery. Despite their success in delivering therapeutic agents, several traditional nanocarriers often end up with deprived selectivity and undesired therapeutic outcome, which significantly limit their clinical applicability. Further advancements in terms of improved selectivity to exhibit desired therapeutic outcome toward ablating cancer cells have been predominantly made focusing on the precise entry of nanoparticles into tumor cells via targeting ligands, and subsequent delivery of therapeutic cargo in response to specific biological or external stimuli. However, there is enough room intracellularly, where diverse small-sized nanomaterials can accumulate and significantly exert potentially specific mechanisms of antitumor effects toward activation of precise cancer cell death pathways that can be explored. In this review, we aim to summarize the intracellular pathways of nanoparticles, highlighting the principles and state of their destructive effects in the subcellular structures as well as the current limitations of conventional therapeutic approaches. Next, we give an overview of subcellular performances and the fate of internalized nanoparticles under various organelle circumstances, particularly endosome or lysosome, mitochondria, nucleus, endoplasmic reticulum, and Golgi apparatus, by comprehensively emphasizing the unique mechanisms with a series of interesting reports. Moreover, intracellular transformation of the internalized nanoparticles, prominent outcome and potential affluence of these interdependent subcellular components in cancer therapy are emphasized. Finally, we conclude with perspectives with a focus on the contemporary challenges in their clinical applicability.

<p>Cyanobacteria – A Promising Platform in Green Nanotechnology: A Review on Nanoparticles Fabrication and Their Prospective Applications</p>

“…led to activate cell death pathways (Figure 8). 123,133 Oxidative stress is the dominant key of NP-induced cellular injury. Different factors control the oxidative stress-mediated by NPs including acellular factors (such as particle size, concentration and the chemistry of their surface) and cellular responses (such as mitochondrial respiration, NP-cellular interaction and immune cell stimulation) are responsible for ROS-mediated damage.…”

“…123,124 After NPs well ingested into cells, result in cytoplasmic dissolution and nuclear damage including nucleoagglomeration, chromatin condensation and DNA damage. 133 On the other hand, NPs impaired with biomolecules including enzymes (such as adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) causing metabolic toxicity), 123 antioxidants and antioxidant enzymes (such as GSH, GPx result in induction of oxidative stress), 124 proteins (such as membrane proteins causing protein denaturation led to influence biological activities), 123 nucleic acids (such as DNA causing DNA damage), 140,141 enhancing cellular death pathways.…”

Oxidative Stress and Apoptotic Responses Elicited by Nostoc-Synthesized Silver Nanoparticles against Different Cancer Cell Lines

“…However, several studies attributed the bioactivity of NPs against cancer cells to two general strategies: (i) direct influence, in which the NPs interact directly with cellular components (proteins, DNA, antioxidants, enzymes, etc.) and cellular structures (such as cell membranes and organelles), leading to enhanced cell death [ 34 ] and (ii) indirect influence, in which the NPs induce the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). This results in intensive oxidative stress, which causes DNA damage and protein modification and degradation, as well as imbalance in enzyme activities causing metabolic toxicity and cellular dysfunctions that finally lead to cell death [ 35 , 36 ].…”

Precise design strategies of nanomedicine for improving cancer therapeutic efficacy using subcellular targeting

“…Different types of NDDSs rely on different cell endocytosis mechanisms to enter the cell, which ensures they internalize in specific intracellular regions. 11 We will briefly review the classic endocytosis pathways for better prediction of the intracellular fate of nanoformulations.…”