<p>Two-Photon Photoexcited Photodynamic Therapy with Water-Soluble Fullerenol Serving as the Highly Effective Two-Photon Photosensitizer Against Multidrug-Resistant Bacteria</p>

Abstract

Background: Multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacterial strain is a serious medical problem. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is resistant to many antibiotics and is often associated with several diseases such as arthritis, osteomyelitis, and endocarditis. The development of an alternative treatment for eliminating MDR bacteria such as MRSA has attracted a considerable amount of research attention. Moreover, the development of a material for highly efficient generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) involving twophoton photodynamic therapy (PDT) is currently desirable. Materials and Methods: We present an example demonstrating that the use of watersoluble C 60 (OH) 30 fullerenol with a 0.89 singlet oxygen quantum yield serving as a photosensitizer in PDT has the superior ability in effectively generating ROS. Results: It has ultra-low energy (228.80 nJ pixel −1) and can perform 900 scans under twophoton excitation (TPE) in the near-infrared region (760 nm) to completely eliminate the MDR species. Furthermore, the favorable two-photon properties are absorption of approximately 760 nm in wavelength, absolute cross-section of approximately 1187.50 Göeppert-Mayer units, lifetime of 6.640 ns, ratio of radiative to nonradiative decay rates of approximately 0.053, and two-photon stability under TPE. Conclusion: This enabled water-soluble C 60 (OH) 30 fullerenol to act as a promising twophoton photosensitizer proceeding with PDT to easily eliminate MDR species.

Application of Fullerenes as Photosensitizers for Antimicrobial Photodynamic Inactivation: A Review

“…However, when suspended in tetrahydrofuran, fullerenols exhibited no photoactivity. Kuo et al (2020) reported massive production of ROS and complete elimination of methicillin-resistant S. aureus by water-soluble fullerenol C 60 (OH) 30 under two-photon excitation in the near-infrared region (760 nm).…”

Study of Tribological Properties of Fullerenol and Nanodiamonds as Additives in Water-Based Lubricants for Amorphous Carbon (a-C) Coatings

“…As shown in Figure 1 a, the fullerenols are circular-like particles with average diameters of 1.8 nm and well dispersed without aggregation. The lattice distance (0.213 nm) corresponding to d-spacing of fullerenol lattice fringes is clearly observed in high-resolution TEM (HRTEM) images ( Figure 1 a) [ 29 , 30 ]. The similar sphere-shaped morphology of NDs with average diameters of 6.8 nm is shown in Figure 1 b.…”

Diagnosis and treatment of chronic osteomyelitis based on nanomaterials

“…In addition to chemodynamic therapy, photodynamic therapy (PDT) nanomaterials have been widely used in diagnosing and treating tumors, but relevant studies have assessed the antibacterial effect of PDT. Kuo et al [ 59 ] performed water-soluble C60 (OH) 30 on Gram-positive MRSA to prove that nanomaterial photochemokinetics also effectuate sterilization. In this study, ROS were produced using water-soluble fullerenol, and PDT killed most Gram-positive bacteria within a short period.…”