&lt;title&gt;Comparing laser-induced retinal damage from ir wavelengths to that from visible wavelengths&lt;/title&gt;

Zuclich, Joseph A.; Schuschereba, Steven T.; Zwick, Harry; Cheney, Frank E.; Stuck, Bruce E.

doi:10.1117/12.237511

Cited by 15 publications

(37 citation statements)

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“…Despite the 1.3-1.4 µm bioeffects studies published earlier by our laboratory [1][2][3][4][5][6][7], investigations of laser-tissue interactions in this wavelength range are few in number and there is a paucity of ocular damage threshold data to support laser safety standard [8,9] maximum permissible exposure levels (MPEs). Ocular tissue absorption coefficients vary rapidly with wavelength across the near-IR and the transition region between the near-IR and far-IR spectral ranges.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Wavelength Dependence of Ocular Damage Thresholds in the Near-Ir to Far-Ir Transition Region: Proposed Revisions to Mpes

Zuclich¹,

Lund²,

Stuck³

2007

Health Physics

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Public reporting burden for this collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instructions, searching existing data sources, gathering and maintaining the data needed, and completing and reviewing this collection of information. Send comments regarding this burden estimate or any other aspect of this collection of information, including suggestions for reducing this burden to Department of Defense, Washington Headquarters Services, Directorate for Information SPONSORING / MONITORING AGENCY NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) 10. SPONSOR/MONITOR'S ACRONYM(S)AFRL/HEDO ABSTRACTThis report summarizes the results of a series of IR laser-induced ocular damage studies conducted over the past decade. The studies examined retinal, lens, and corneal effects of laser exposures in the near-IR to far-IR transition region (wavelengths from 1.3-1.4 m with exposure durations ranging from Q-switched to cw). The corneal and retinal damage thresholds are tabulated for all pulsewidth regimes and the wavelength dependence of the IR thresholds is discussed and contrasted to laser safety standard maximum permissible exposure (MPE) limits. The analysis suggests that the current laser standard MPEs could be beneficially revised to: (1) relax the IR MPEs over wavelength ranges where unusually high safety margins may unintentionally hinder applications of recently developed military and telecommunications laser systems; (2) replace step-function discontinuities in the IR MPEs by continuously varying analytical functions of wavelength and pulsewidth which more closely follow the trends of the experimental retinal and corneal ED 50 threshold data; and (3) result in an overall simplification of the safety standard MPEs over the wavelength range from 1.2 m to 2.6 m. A specific proposal for amending the IR MPEs over this wavelength range is presented. SUBJECT TERMS AbstractThis report summarizes the results of a series of IR laser-induced ocular damage studies conducted over the past decade. The studies examined retinal, lens, and corneal effects of laser exposures in the near-IR to far-IR transition region (wavelengths from 1.3-1.4 μm with exposure durations ranging from Q-switched to cw). The corneal and retinal damage thresholds are tabulated for all pulsewidth regimes and the wavelength dependence of the IR thresholds is discussed and contrasted to laser safety standard maximum permissible exposure (MPE) limits. The analysis suggests that the current laser standard MPEs could be beneficially revised to: (1) relax the IR MPEs over wavelength ranges where unusually high safety margins may unintentionally hinder applications of recently developed military and telecommunications laser systems; (2) replace step-function discontinuities in the IR MPEs by continuously varying analytical functions of wavelength and pulsewidth which more closely follow the trends of the experimental retinal and corneal ED 50 threshold data; and (3) result in an overall simplification of the safety standard MPEs ove...

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Wavelength Dependence of Ocular Damage Thresholds in the Near-Ir to Far-Ir Transition Region: Proposed Revisions to Mpes

Zuclich¹,

Lund²,

Stuck³

2007

Health Physics

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“…A typical NIR retinal lesion did not appear within the first hour post-exposure (Zuclich, Gagliano et al 1995;Zuclich, Schuschereba et al 1997;Zuclich, Zwick et al 1998;Zuclich, Lund et al 2001). By 24-hours post-exposure, the NIR lesions were evident, characterized by a larger more reflective spot compared to the 532-nm argon marker (Zuclich, Schuschereba et al 1997 The NIR lesions appeared to stabilize after 48 hours (Zuclich, Schuschereba et al 1996;Zuclich, Schuschereba et al 1997;Zuclich, Zwick et al 1998).…”

mentioning

confidence: 87%

“…In contrast, NIR threshold lesions involving full-retinal thickness and late-onset inflammation were not observed at visible or UV wavelengths (Zuclich, Schuschereba et al 1997) In general, the sensory retina is mostly transparent to retinal hazard wavelengths (Henderson and Schulmeister 2004). Rich with melanin granules, the RPE is believed to absorb most of the energy in the visible range.…”

Section: Criteria 1: Absorbance Of the Rpe And Water Content Of The Rmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The argon wavelength has much higher absorption within the RPE compared to the 1318-nm wavelength lesions. Pathology and imaging of minimum visible lesions, MVL, from this NIR region revealed minor damage reaching into the choroid with damage centered around the outer neural layer (ONL) (Zuclich, Schuschereba et al 1997;Zuclich, Zwick et al 1998 In observations made as long as two months post exposure, the NIR MVL shapes were irregular and large (Zuclich, Zwick et al 1998). At three months post-exposure, the larger area of inflammation was no longer observed and the smaller circular NIR lesion which was first observed at 24 hours, appeared again.…”

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confidence: 96%

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Thermal lensing in the ocular media

et al. 2007

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“…As a result, it was hypothesized that thermal lensing would significantly influence ocular damage thresholds induced by these lasers. 12,[16][17][18][19][20] Damage threshold experiments at 1319 nm using rhesus models indicate that the 24 h ED50 threshold for a 80 ms exposure is 14.5 W of measured power for a 5 mm beam entering the eye, 12 where ED50 is the amount of energy required to create a minimal visible lesion in 50% of exposures. Based on this series of investigations, it was determined that the current ANSI Z136.1-2007 standard (0.072 J ⋅ cm −2 , exposure duration of 1 s for wavelengths between 1200 and 1400 nm) was extremely conservative (approximately 10× lower) than necessary in order to meet the universally accepted margin of safety (10% of the ED50).…”

Section: Safety Considerations At 1319 Nmmentioning

confidence: 99%

Visual disruption using the thermal lensing effect in the human eye: pilot study

Towle

Garcia²,

Smith³

et al. 2012

J. Biomed. Opt

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Abstract. At select wavelengths, near infrared (IR) light is absorbed in the preretinal media of the eye. This produces small transient increases in temperature that temporarily alter the local index of refraction. If the IR exposure is sufficiently high, a momentary reduction in the focusing power of the eye can be induced through an effect known as thermal lensing. Fundamental optical interaction and safety aspects of this phenomenon have been demonstrated previously in animal and artificial eye models. However, whether the effect will induce an observable visual change in human subjects has not been explored. Here, results of a pilot study are shown where eight human subjects were exposed to an IR laser at levels that were below the safe exposure limit. The exposures did induce a transient visual distortion if sufficiently high levels were used. While the description of the visual change varied between subjects, this experiment was able to determine a general guideline for power needed to induce significant effects in human subjects.

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<title>Comparing laser-induced retinal damage from ir wavelengths to that from visible wavelengths</title>

Cited by 15 publications

References 0 publications

Wavelength Dependence of Ocular Damage Thresholds in the Near-Ir to Far-Ir Transition Region: Proposed Revisions to Mpes

Wavelength Dependence of Ocular Damage Thresholds in the Near-Ir to Far-Ir Transition Region: Proposed Revisions to Mpes

Thermal lensing in the ocular media

Visual disruption using the thermal lensing effect in the human eye: pilot study

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