<title>Techniques for pixel-level analog-to-digital conversion</title>

Abstract

Two techniques for performing pixel level analog to digital conversion (ADC) are reviewed. The first is an oversampling technique which uses a one bit first order Ez modulator for each 2 x 2 block of pixels to directly convert photocharge to bits. Each modulator is implemented using 17 transistors. The second technique is a Nyquist rate multi-channel--bit-serial (MCBS) ADC. The technique uses successive comparisons to convert the pixel voltage to bits. Results obtained from implementations of these ADC techniques are presented. The techniques are compared based on size, charge handling capacity, FPN, noise sensitivity, data throughput, quantization, memory/processing, and power dissipation requirements for both visible and JR imagers. From the comparison it appears that the L\ ADC is better suited to JR imagers, while the MCBS ADC is better suited to imagers in the visible range.

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“…18) (Lee, 2010). A cardinal solution here is implementation of ADC in each pixel of the readout circuit (Zhou, 1996;Martijn, 2000;Fowler, 2000). In (Bisotto, 2010), each pixel was provided with a 15-bit ADC, and the effective storage capacitance was in excess of 3·10 9 electrons.…”

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