“…The typical trivalent lanthanides are Nd 3+ and Yb 3+ ions [12,13]. With only two energy manifolds, the 2 F 7/2 ground state and the 2 F 5/2 excited state, the Yb 3+ lasers operated in quasi-three-level scheme, which prevent parasitic de-excitation by cross-relaxation, energy transfer up-conversion or excited state absorption, leading to low quantum defect and low heat generation [14][15][16]. The long lifetime of Yb 3+ metastable level favors low threshold in continuous-wave and high storage for Q-switch operation, whereas the broad emission lines show prospect for tunable or ultra-short pulse generation [17].…”