Amyloids
are a broad class of proteins and peptides that can misfold
and assemble into long unbranched fibrils with a cross-β conformation.
These misfolding and aggregation events are associated with the onset
of a variety of human diseases, among them, Alzheimer’s disease,
Parkinson’s disease, and Huntington disease. Our understanding
of amyloids has been greatly supported by fluorescent molecular probes,
such as thioflavin-T, which shows an increase in fluorescence emission
upon binding to fibrillar aggregates. Since the first application
of thioflavin-T in amyloid studies nearly 30 years ago, many probes
have emerged exhibiting a variety of responses to amyloids, such as
intensity changes, shifts in fluorescence maxima, and variations in
lifetimes, among many others. These probes have shed light on a variety
of topics including the kinetics of amyloid aggregation, the effectiveness
of amyloid aggregation inhibitors, the elucidation of binding sites
in amyloid structures, and the staining of amyloids aggregates in
vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo. In this Review, we discuss the design,
properties, and application of photoactive probes used to study amyloid
aggregation, as well as the challenges faced by current probes and
techniques, and the novel approaches that are emerging to address
these challenges.