Lumpy skin disease: an African cattle disease getting closer to the EU

Tuppurainen, Eeva; Oura, C.A.L.

doi:10.1136/vr.g5808

Cited by 32 publications

(48 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…It disrupts trade in cattle and their products from LSD endemic countries, causes permanent hide damage, and temporary or permanent infertility may occur in cows and bulls. It leads to reduced milk yield and sometimes death due to secondary bacterial infections (Babiuk et al, 2008;Chihota, Rennie, Kitching, & Mellor, 2003;OIE Terrestrial Manual, 2010;Tuppurainen & Oura, 2014). Being a transboundary disease, LSD could spread through production and marketing chains (Abutarbush, 2014;Rossiter & Al Hammadi, 2009).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Outbreak investigation and molecular diagnosis of Lumpy skin disease among livestock in Saudi Arabia 2016

Kasem

Saleh²,

Qasim³

et al. 2017

Transbound Emerg Dis

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Lumpy skin disease (LSD) is a highly infectious disease of cattle caused by a virus of the Capripoxvirus genus in the family Poxviridae. The disease is a major concern for the dairy industry in Saudi Arabia. In this study, an outbreak of LSD in cattle herds was detected in Saudi Arabia in 2016. LSD outbreak was investigated in five regions of Saudi Arabia: Al-Hassa, Al-Sharqia, Al-Qassim, Riyadh and Al-Taif during the period from April to July 2016. Tissues from skin nodules were collected to characterize the virus by a real-time polymerase chain reaction (rt-PCR). During this period, 64,109 cattle were examined and morbidity, mortality and case fatality rates were 6%, 0.99% and 16.6%, respectively. The analysis showed 3,852 infected cases and 641 deaths. highest number of infected animals was reported in Al-Hassa (2,825), followed by Al-Qassim (547), Riyadh (471), Al-Sharqia (6) and Al-Taif (3). The highest morbidity rates were observed in Al-Qassim (6.8%), Al-Hassa (6.2%), Riyadh (5.5%) and Al-Taif (0.96%), while the lowest morbidity rates were recorded in Al-Sharqia (0.27%). The highest mortality rates were also observed in Al-Qassim (2.3%), followed by Al-Hassa (0.97%), Riyadh (0.19%) and lowest in Al-Sharqia and Taif (0%). LSD virus was detected in all samples (n = 191) by real-time PCR analysis. The disease has been observed in the cattle regardless of previous vaccination using the locally Romanian-pox vaccine; therefore, vaccination programme and vaccine efficacy should be assessed under field conditions.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Outbreak investigation and molecular diagnosis of Lumpy skin disease among livestock in Saudi Arabia 2016

Kasem

Saleh²,

Qasim³

et al. 2017

Transbound Emerg Dis

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“…Finally, LSD spread over very long distances, as demonstrated by the latest LSD outbreak in Azerbaijan in July 2014 from Iraq, Iran and/or Turkey, is more likely to occur via animal movements than through arthropod vectors (Tuppurainen and Oura, 2014).…”

Section: Possible Introduction Of Lsd By Live Animal Movementsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Scientific Opinion on lumpy skin disease

2015

EFSA Journal

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Lumpy skin disease (LSD) is a viral disease of cattle characterised by severe losses, especially in naive animals. LSD is endemic in many African and Asian countries, and it is rapidly spreading throughout the Middle East, including Turkey. LSD is transmitted by mechanical vectors, but direct/indirect transmission may occur. The disease would mainly be transferred to infection-free areas by transport of infected animals and vectors. In the EU, it could only happen through illegal transport of animals. The risk for that depends on the prevalence in the country of origin and the number of animals illegally moved. Based on a model to simulate LSD spread between farms, culling animals with generalised clinical signs seems to be sufficient to contain 90 % of epidemics around the initial site of incursion, but the remaining 10 % of simulated epidemics can spread up to 400 km from the site of introduction by six months after incursion. Whole-herd culling of infected farms substantially reduces the spread of LSD virus, and the more rapidly farms are detected and culled, the greater the magnitude of the reduction is. Only live attenuated vaccines against LSD are available. Homologous vaccines are more effective than sheep pox strain vaccines. The safety of the vaccines should be improved and the development of vaccines for differentiating between infected and vaccinated animals is recommended. Epidemics are not self-limiting when effective vaccination or culling are not applied. Active surveillance, rapid detection and prompt culling of infected herds are effective measures for LSD control. The role of vectors for LSD transmission should be further investigated in both controlled environments and the field. Awareness-raising campaigns for farmers and veterinary staff to promote recognition of LSD should be considered. The cooperation of the EU with neighbouring countries should be encouraged to prevent transboundary disease spread.

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“…One of the responsibilities of laboratories for exotic and emerging diseases is to follow the evolution and spread of these diseases on the international level. In this respect, the spread of lumpy skin disease from Africa, which began in 2012 via the Middle East to Turkey in 2013 (22), and continued on to Cyprus in 2014 and Greece in 2015, should have been a very clear signal for other European laboratories to prepare their diagnostic capability for this disease. However, the evolution of these diseases is not always predictable, as illustrated by an unexpected epidemic of West Nile virus, which began in New York in 1999 (23); the detection of foot and mouth disease virus (FMDV) in 2001 in the United Kingdom (24); the still-unexplained appearance of bluetongue virus (BTV), serotype 8, in north-western Europe in 2006 (25); and the introduction of African swine fever virus into Georgia in 2007 (26).…”

Section: Vaccines and Antivirals: Collaboration With Industrymentioning

confidence: 99%

Preparedness activities and research needs in addressing emerging infectious animal and zoonotic diseases

Cardoen¹,

Clercq²,

Vanholme³

et al. 2017

Rev. Sci. Tech. OIE

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Emerging infectious animal and zoonotic diseases can inflict significant losses on animal production and public health, and threaten the safety and security of the food system. Threat analysis (forecasting), which monitors the measurable risk indicators of disease emergence, should be in place before the emergence of any threat. Animal and public health authorities develop and regularly re-evaluate disease preparedness, response and recovery plans, based on the 'One Health' principle. These plans should include surveillance, biosecurity measures, communication channels and training for personnel. Scenarios for outbreaks of natural emerging infectious disease or bioterrorist events should be prepared and practised. National and international legislation should be regularly updated to provide a robust legal basis to manage outbreaks. Reference laboratories should have reliable and validated diagnostic tools for rapid, high-throughput testing. Strict biosafety, biocontainment and biosecurity control measures must be implemented in laboratories in order to prevent the accidental or malicious release of pathogens. The pharmaceutical industry should be incentivised to develop vaccines and/or antiviral drugs against disease outbreaks. Conventions between public authorities and the pharmaceutical industry should guarantee adequate stockpiling of the pharmaceuticals needed to control large-scale outbreaks. In the early phase of disease emergence (early warning), veterinarians and stakeholders play an important role in early detection at the farm level. Upon notification, veterinary authorities must take rapid response measures to limit disease spread. National and international short- and medium-term strategic research agendas should be developed, based on a comprehensive gap analysis and horizon scan. This planning will help to guide funding agencies and non-governmental organisations in their quest to support relevant research.

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Lumpy skin disease: an African cattle disease getting closer to the EU

Cited by 32 publications

References 7 publications

Outbreak investigation and molecular diagnosis of Lumpy skin disease among livestock in Saudi Arabia 2016

Outbreak investigation and molecular diagnosis of Lumpy skin disease among livestock in Saudi Arabia 2016

Scientific Opinion on lumpy skin disease

Preparedness activities and research needs in addressing emerging infectious animal and zoonotic diseases

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