Lumpy Skin Disease (LSD): Etiology, Pathogenesis, Prevention and Control

Abstract

Lumpy skin disease (LSD) is one of the diseases that pose a threat to the livestock industry because it can cause large economic losses. The disease was first discovered in the country of Zambia in 1929. In Indonesia, LSD was first discovered in early 2022 in Indragiri Hulu Regency, Riau. This disease is caused by a virus belonging to the genus Capripoxvirus, subfamily chordopoxvirinae, family Poxviridae. The LSD virus has a limited host and does not infect non-ruminant hosts. A characteristic clinical symptom of LSD is the appearance of nodules on the skin. Diagnosis of this disease can be done by looking at typical clinical symptoms, laboratory tests such as virus isolation, serological tests (serum neutralization test, virus neutralization test (VNT), agar gel immune diffusion, indirect ELISA, and indirect fluorescent antibody technique (IFAT)), real time and conventional PCR, immunohistochemistry, LAMP, and IPMA. Prevention and control of LSD disease can be done in several ways such as vaccination, vector control, restriction of livestock traffic, strict quarantine and stamping out.

Prevalence and progression of Lumpy Skin Disease cases in cattle over the six months leading up to Eid al-Adha in 2023 in the Cirebon District of West Java Province, Indonesia

“…leaving deep holes [2]. The LSD virus has a limited host and cannot infect non-ruminant hosts [3]. The LSD is included on the list of notifiable diseases maintained by the World Organization for Animal Health (WAHO/OIE) because its dissemination can be facilitated by livestock movement, particularly from infected areas.…”

“…[2,7]. Prevention and control of LSD can be facilitated in several ways such as vaccination, vector control, restriction of livestock traffic, strict quarantine and stamping out [3]. Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR) and serological diagnostic assays can be utilised to detect the LSD virus in cattle [4].…”