Lung auscultation – Identification of common lung sound abnormalities and associated pathologies

Abstract

Objective: The purpose of this review is to show the present state of art on breath sounds and lung auscultation, including normal and adventitious lung sounds, especially how they originate, and to which of the most common diseases they are related. Methods: The history of auscultation and the first stethoscope is presented, followed by the classification and description of physiologic lung sounds with regard to the lung regions where they should be heard and the sound characteristics. Added lung sounds, including their classification, distinction between continuous and discontinuous sound, as well as the presentation of the diseases most commonly associated with them are presented. Results: Since it may be found that breath sounds are difficult to understand it is reasonable to present a simple method of lung auscultation that may be helpful in the education of medical students. The usefulness of lung auscultation in diagnosing the most common diseases, with special regard to lung disorders, is of great importance. Discussion/Conclusion: The short and simple presentation of lung sound, auscultation methods and their application in clinical practice has been presented, and may be helpful for medical staff.

The Art of Diagnosis from Breath Sound: A Literature Review

“…Turbulent and transitional air flow (vortices/vortex) is a flow of air that can produce breathing sounds. 2 Turbulent airflow is airflow that is fast and moves turbulently. Air molecules move randomly and collide with each other's airway walls.…”

“…When wheezing is identified, it is also necessary to identify its tone, intensity, and respiratory cycle involved (inspiration or expiration). 1,2,4,18 Wheezing has musical characteristics, relatively high pitched and continuous, with a frequency of ≥ 400 Hz and a duration of ≥ 250 milliseconds. The frequency of wheezing depends on the mass and elasticity of the airway walls and the speed of airflow.…”

What do we mean with sound semantics, exactly? A survey of taxonomies and ontologies of everyday sounds

“…Two medical sound taxonomies were identified through the systematic search, one for abdominal sounds (Dimoulas et al, 2011 ), and another one for lung sounds (Boucher et al, 2013 ). In both cases, the authors developed the taxonomies to assist diagnosis and to educate medical staff and students in distinguishing physiological from pathological sounds.…”

Perbandingan Chula Formula dengan Auskultasi 5 Titik terhadap Kedalaman Optimal Pipa Endotracheal pada Anestesi Umum di RSUP Dr. Hasan Sadikin Bandung

“…Beberapa penelitan menunjukkan teknik auskultasi 5 titik untuk menentukan kedalaman ETT yang optimal membutuhkan latihan dan pengalaman operator. 10 Pada penelitian ini menunjukkan kedalaman optimal ETT menggunakan teknik chula formula lebih bermakna dibanding dengan teknik auskultasi 5 titik. Hal ini mungkin disebabkan oleh teknik chula formula yang menggunakan tinggi badan subjek berhubungan dengan panjang trakea dan kedalaman optimal ETT setelah intubasi endotrakea.…”