Lung-morphology in the Chamaeleonidae (Sauria) and its bearing upon phytogeny, systematics and zoogeography

Evolution of Air Breathing: Oxygen Homeostasis and the Transitions from Water to Land and Sky

“…In addition to multichambered or single-chambered lungs, some species show a transitional structure or paucicameral sensu Duncker (187) characterized by usually two chambers, with a so-called “diaphragma” separating the apical chamber from the main part of the lung (379, 538, 837). A short intrapulmonary bronchus and a subdivision of the chambers into discrete lobes are also commonly found (613).…”

“…Within amniotes, several evolutionary patterns are identifiable (620) and lungs have been used to resolve some phylogenetic relationships (379, 402, 613). The first stem-line amniotes were probably rather small (122), agile and lizard-like, with stretch receptors in muscles—lacking in nonamniotes—that speak for active animals with relatively high metabolic and locomotor capabilities (276).…”

Pulmonary anatomy and a case of unilateral aplasia in a common snapping turtle (Chelydra serpentina): developmental perspectives on cryptodiran lungs

“…Pulmonary anatomy, for instance, has been used as a character complex for several systematic considerations (e.g. Klaver, ; Becker et al. ).…”

“…Pulmonary anatomy, for instance, has been used as a character complex for several systematic considerations (e.g. Klaver, 1981;Becker et al 1989). More recently, the discovery of unidirectional airflow patterns in the lungs of crocodilians (Farmer & Sanders, 2010;Schachner et al 2013), varanids , and iguanas ) has fueled the debate regarding the origin of the unique respiratory apparatus of birds.…”

A review of iguanian and anguimorph lizard genitalia (Squamata: Chamaeleonidae; Varanoidea, Shinisauridae, Xenosauridae, Anguidae) and their phylogenetic significance: comparisons with molecular data sets

“…Some of the most important terms in chamaeleonid and anguimorph copulatory organs are as follows (in alphabetical order): apex – distal portion of the copulatory organ; asulcal – portion of the copulatory organ opposite to the sperm groove; auriculae – curved denticulate ridges (singular: auricula) at the asulcal side of the pedunculi; calyces – shallow pockets between retiform ridges, which may vary in depth, size and shape, the ridges surrounding them may either be smooth, fringed, serrated or denticulated at the outer margin: hence the surface is said to be calyculate (=‘reticulately honeycomb‐like pits’: McCann 1949; ‘flounced’, ‘ridged’, ‘plicated’: Cope 1896; McCann 1949; ‘franges cellulaires’, ‘collerettes superposes à bord frangé’: Brygoo and Domergue 1969); hemibacula – terminal supportive structures (singular: hemibaculum) in the hemipenis as insertion of the retractor muscle (=‘Knorpelplatten’, ‘ligamentöse Faserknorpel’: Müller 1838; ‘cartilaginous bodies’: Günther 1861; ‘os penis’: Smith 1935; ‘horns’: Branch 1982; ‘hemipenial bones’: Shea and Reddacliff 1986; ‘cornua’: Savage 1997); hemibaubella – terminal supportive structures (singular: hemibaubellum) in the hemiclitoris as insertions of the retractor muscle; papillae – fleshy and pliable projections varying in size and shape, which may either be single, grouped in pairs or rows, evenly scattered over the apex, or concentrated on various locations on the apex in papillary fields; paryphasmata – transversal, mostly roof tile‐shaped supportive fringes not only in the varanoid but also in other anguimorph copulatory organs (=‘flounces’: Cope 1896; ‘cartilaginous transverse lamellae’: Günther 1861; ‘frills’: Branch 1982); pedicel – proximal portion of the copulatory organ; pedunculi – in their basic form (singular: pedunculus) thick stalks, that protrude over the distal end of the sulcus spermaticus, and which may have numerous pointed papillae that are often arranged in rows on the sulcal surface; rotulae – an apical ornament (singular: rotula) with semicircular discs with a denticulated or serrated outer margin (=‘papillae’: Cope 1896; ‘erect cresentic plates’: McCann 1949; ‘apical discs’, ‘wings’, ‘cogwheels’: Broadley 1971; Böhme and Klaver 1980; Klaver 1981b; ‘inward curving denticulate apical structures’: Raw 1976; ‘halbkreisförmige Strukturen’: Klaver 1981a); sulcal – portion of the copulatory organ bearing the sperm groove; sulcus spermaticus – sperm groove; truncus – median portion of the copulatory organ.…”