Luonnon käyttöön perustuvat elinkeinot ja niiden väliset suhteet Ylä-Lapissa

Hallikainen, Ville; Helle, Timo; Hyppönen, Mikko; Ikonen, Arsi; Jokinen, Mikko; Naskali, Arto; Tuulentie, Seija; Varmola, Martti

doi:10.14214/ma.6390

Cited by 9 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…Lack of enclosure studies has made it nearly impossible to separate the effects of reindeer grazing and forestry on the amount of ground lichens (Hallikainen et al 2008). According to Väre et al (1995), many studies of reindeer grazing effects are speculative in nature because fenced enclosures have not been used.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of reindeer grazing and forestry on ground lichens in Finnish Lapland

Akujärvi¹,

Hallikainen²,

Hyppönen³

et al. 2014

Silva Fenn.

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Akujärvi A., Hallikainen V., Hyppönen M., Mattila E., Mikkola K., Rautio P. (2014). Effects of reindeer grazing and forestry on ground lichens in Finnish Lapland. Silva Fennica vol. 48 no. 3 article id 1153. 18 p. Highlights• Both reindeer grazing and forestry affect the cover and biomass of reindeer lichens.• Reindeer grazing has bigger impact than forestry.• The lichen cover was about five-fold and the biomass about fifteen-fold in the ungrazed (fenced) sites than in the grazed ones.• The decrease of not only the biomass, but also the cover of lichens, is alarming. AbstractReindeer husbandry and forestry are practiced in the same areas in northern Fennoscandia. Reindeer pastures have largely deteriorated. We aimed to quantify the separate and combined effects of reindeer grazing and forestry on the amount of ground lichens. To do this, we mapped and inventoried all larger enclosures (49) in Finnish Lapland where forest management practices were similar in both sides of the fence. The average time since fencing was 43 years. We recorded the cover and estimated dry biomass of ground lichens, as well as parameters describing forest stand characteristics. The effect of reindeer grazing on both the cover and estimated dry biomass of lichens was clear: in the ungrazed (fenced) sites, the lichen cover (35.8%) was on average 5.3-fold and the dry biomass (1929 kg ha -1 ) 14.8-fold compared with the corresponding estimates in the grazed sites (6.8% and 130 kg ha -1 ). The effect of forestry on lichens was smaller. In the grazed stands the cover and biomass of lichens were higher in the mature stands compared to the younger stand development classes, whereas in the ungrazed stands there were no significant differences between the development classes. Both reindeer grazing and forestry affect the cover and biomass of ground lichens. The influence of reindeer grazing is, however, much heavier than that of forestry. The decrease of not only the biomass, but also the lichen cover, is alarming. The decrease of lichen cover may hinder the recovery of reindeer pastures, which in the long run endangers the sustainability of reindeer husbandry.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of reindeer grazing and forestry on ground lichens in Finnish Lapland

Akujärvi¹,

Hallikainen²,

Hyppönen³

et al. 2014

Silva Fenn.

Self Cite

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“…Kyllönen et al 2006). However, deeply entwined in this are moral issues, such as the responsibilities of state related actors (Raitio andRytteri 2005, Raitio 2008) in regard to reindeer herding, and the rights of the indigenous people, Sámi, on one hand, and the local and regional employment in the forest and wood sector on the other (Vatanen et al 2006, Hallikainen et al 2008. The moral issue is the just treatment of local people independent of ethnicity (Hallikainen et al 2006) but severe questions about morality and responsibilities extend to Stora Enso and Greenpeace involved directly or indirectly in the conflict.…”

Section: Identify the Ethical Problemsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Facilitating resolution of forest conflicts through understanding the complexity of the relationship between forest industry and environmental groups

Gritten¹

2009

Diss. For.

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“…The countryside, which is normally dominated by forests, attracts rural tourists who appreciate old pristine forests, an abundant admixture of deciduous trees, and relatively good visibility. The wilderness image and nature conservation areas have also been an important tourist attraction in Finnish Lapland and elsewhere (Butler 1991, Krippendorf 1991, Hallikainen 1998, Saarinen 1998). However, commercial forests are also important for outdoor recreation and tourism (e.g.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, commercial forests are also important for outdoor recreation and tourism (e.g. Hallikainen 1998). Furthermore, many tourist activities, such as snow mobile driving or husky safaris, are not usually allowed in conservation areas.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Family forest owners’ opinions about forest management in northern Finland

Hallikainen¹,

Hyppönen²,

Pernu³

et al. 2010

Silva Fenn.

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Forest management guidelines changed at the end of the 1990's in Finland. Biodiversity, visual landscape, water systems, and different forms of forest use are now better taken into account. The objectives, outdoor recreation motives, and attitudes towards the present forest management activities of the non-industrial private forest owners called family forest owners in this article, whose forest holdings are located in northern Finland, were studied. In addition, a forest owner typology based on the above-mentioned motives, objectives, and attitudes was created, and the relationship between the typology and the forest owners' background was tested. Principal component analysis, log-linear models, canonical correlations, and K-means cluster analysis were used in the data analysis. The results showed that especially commercial timber production, but also multiple-use forestry, is important for forest owners. Non-timber products such as game, berries, and forest mushrooms were considered more important than biodiversity, conservation of endangered species, tourism, and reindeer herding. The current, more ecological forest management activities were widely accepted by the owners. The changes had been perceived in the forest management activities. Close relationships were found between the objectives, attitudes and motives of the forest owners. Those owners who emphasized ecological tourism and multiple-use forestry, more frequently accepted detailed conservation and other "softer" management methods than those who emphasized commercial timber production. Typologies, called conservationists, timber producers, and multi-objective forest owners, were identified. Forest owner's education and source of income were closely related to their typology. Highly educated forest owners and those who gained their money from tourism belonged to the groups named conservationists or multi-objective owners, whereas those who lived on forestry income represented timber producers.

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Luonnon käyttöön perustuvat elinkeinot ja niiden väliset suhteet Ylä-Lapissa

Cited by 9 publications

References 9 publications

Effects of reindeer grazing and forestry on ground lichens in Finnish Lapland

Effects of reindeer grazing and forestry on ground lichens in Finnish Lapland

Facilitating resolution of forest conflicts through understanding the complexity of the relationship between forest industry and environmental groups

Family forest owners’ opinions about forest management in northern Finland

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