Lymphocyte Subpopulations in Mediastinal Milky Spots of Mice: Light- and Electron-Microscopic Immunohistochemical Observations.

Inoue, Naomi; Otsuki, Yoshinori

doi:10.1679/aohc.55.89

Cited by 3 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…Upon immune challenge, these structures support rapid activation of serous B cells and germinal center formation 13 15 . The existence of similar lymphoid structures has been reported in the adipose deposits of the pleural cavity, the mediastinum 13 16 17 18 and the pericardium 13 . Although the density of FALCs in pericardium and mediastinum is high 13 , the functional role of these clusters has not been investigated.…”

supporting

confidence: 64%

Fat-associated lymphoid clusters control local IgM secretion during pleural infection and lung inflammation

et al. 2016

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Fat-associated lymphoid clusters (FALC) are inducible structures that support rapid innate-like B-cell immune responses in the serous cavities. Little is known about the physiological cues that activate FALCs in the pleural cavity and more generally the mechanisms controlling B-cell activation in FALCs. Here we show, using separate models of pleural nematode infection with Litomosoides sigmodontis and Altenaria alternata induced acute lung inflammation, that inflammation of the pleural cavity rapidly activates mediastinal and pericardial FALCs. IL-33 produced by FALC stroma is crucial for pleural B1-cell activation and local IgM secretion. However, B1 cells are not the direct target of IL-33, which instead requires IL-5 for activation. Moreover, lung inflammation leads to increased IL-5 production by type 2 cytokine-producing innate lymphoid cells (ILC2) in the FALC. These findings reveal a link between inflammation, IL-33 release by FALC stromal cells, ILC2 activation and pleural B-cell activation in FALCs, resulting in local and antigen-specific IgM production.

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confidence: 64%

Fat-associated lymphoid clusters control local IgM secretion during pleural infection and lung inflammation

et al. 2016

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“…Unlike the classical description of superficial macrophages and deeply located lymphocytes, we most often observed that the cell populations are mixed. In Milky spots of peritoneum and pleura the mediastinal MS in mice by electron microscopy and immunohistochemistry (109). The spots are covered with plump mesothelial cells and consisted of clustered lymphocytes, macrophages and fibroblasts; lymphatics are not present in these MS.…”

Section: Michailova and Usunoffmentioning

confidence: 93%

The milky spots of the peritoneum and pleura: structure, development and pathology

Michailova

Usunoff

2004

Biomedical Reviews

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The milky spots (MS), originally described by Ranvier as taches laiteuses, are found on the greater omentum but also in other peritoneal regions, as well as on the pleura and pericardium. They represent aggregations of mesenchymal tissue surrounding blood vessels. These small whitish regions are covered by mesothelium, and within the mesothelial layer are scattered macrophage-like cells. The blood supply of MS is provided by arterioles that give rise to capillary network formed by fenestrated or continuous endothelial cells. Most MS possess also lymphatic vessels, with extremely thin endothelial cells. The most frequent cells in MS are the macrophages, followed by lymphocytes and mast cells. Typically, the macrophages are located in the periphery, while the lymphocytes-in the center of MS. Additional structural elements are plasmocytes, adipocytes, fibroblasts, rounded fibroblast-like cells (undifferentiated mesenchymal cells), as well as collagen, reticular and elastic fibers. The nerve fibers innervating MS are located under the mesothelium and among the free cells. Despite their small size, the MS are a significant organ, functioning at both normal and pathological conditions. Under inflammatory conditions (peritonitis), MS act as the first line of defense, and dramatically change their number, size and structure. MS are also involved in extramedullary hemopoiesis. They are the first target of intraperitoneal (intrapleural) metastases, and appear an important target in the development of immunotherapeutic strategies against malignant diseases.

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The Serosal Immune System of the Thorax in Toxicology

Kuper

Bilsen

Wijnands³

2018

Toxicological Sciences

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The thoracic cavities receive increasing attention in toxicology, because inhaled fibers and (nano)particles can reach these cavities and challenge the local lymphoid tissues. The thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities are controlled by the serosal immune system with its special, loosely organized lymphoid clusters, namely the fat-associated lymphoid clusters and milky spots, which together can be denoted as serosa-associated lymphoid clusters. These clusters house numerous innate lymphoid cells, namely the nonconventional, innate B lymphoid cell and innate lymphocyte type 2 populations. The fat depots in the thorax play a significant role in the serosal immunity, and they can be modulated by health issues such as metabolic syndrome. The serosal immune system operates in a unique way at the interface of the innate and acquired immunity and therefore exposure-related modulation of the system may have a distinct impact on the body's immunity. To add to the investigation of the serosal immune system in the thorax, this review describes the (micro)anatomy of the immune system in relation to exposure, with a focus on the rat and mouse as preferred species in toxicology and immunology.

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Lymphocyte Subpopulations in Mediastinal Milky Spots of Mice: Light- and Electron-Microscopic Immunohistochemical Observations.

Cited by 3 publications

References 14 publications

Fat-associated lymphoid clusters control local IgM secretion during pleural infection and lung inflammation

Fat-associated lymphoid clusters control local IgM secretion during pleural infection and lung inflammation

The milky spots of the peritoneum and pleura: structure, development and pathology

The Serosal Immune System of the Thorax in Toxicology

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