“…Properties of the RPV steels and influence of thermal and neutron treatment on these properties are routinely investigated by macroscopic methods such as Charpy V-notch and tensile tests [1,2,4,5,8]. A number of semi-empirical laws, based on macroscopic data, have been established, but, unfortunately, these laws are not completely consistent with all data and do not provide the desired accuracy.…”
“…Properties of the RPV steels and influence of thermal and neutron treatment on these properties are routinely investigated by macroscopic methods such as Charpy V-notch and tensile tests [1,2,4,5,8]. A number of semi-empirical laws, based on macroscopic data, have been established, but, unfortunately, these laws are not completely consistent with all data and do not provide the desired accuracy.…”
“…The specimens were irradiated in the High Flux Reactor, at Petten (The Netherlands), in the LYRA irradiation rig, used in several projects organised by the Ageing Materials European Strategy (AMES) Network [4]. The irradiation was carried out at 270 8C, reaching an accumulated fluence of about 6.11 £ 10 22 N/m 2 (, 0.1 displacements per atom).…”
“…There is no doubt that the degree of RPV embrittlement in a reactor pressure vessel (RPV) is a complex function of different parameters such as temperature, neutron fluence, flux, material chemistry, etc. [ 34 , 35 , 36 , 37 , 38 , 39 , 40 ].…”
Specimens of 15Kh2MFAA steel used for reactor pressure vessels V-213 (VVER-440 reactor) were studied by positron annihilation techniques in terms of their radiation resistance and structural recovery after thermal treatment. The radiation load was simulated by experimental implantation of 500keV H+ ions. The maximum radiation damage of 1 DPA was obtained across a region of 3 µm. Radiation-induced defects were investigated by coincidence Doppler broadening spectroscopy and positron lifetime spectroscopy using a conventional positron source as well as a slow positron beam. All techniques registered an accumulation of small open-volume defects (mostly mono- and di-vacancies) due to the irradiation, with an increase of the defect volume ΔVD ≈ 2.88 × 10−8 cm−3. Finally, the irradiated specimens were gradually annealed at temperatures from 200 to 550 °C and analyzed in detail. The best defect recovery was found at a temperature between 450 and 475 °C, but the final defect concentration of about ΔCD = 0.34 ppm was still higher than in the as-received specimens.
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