Lysine 2‐Hydroxyisobutyrylation‐ and Succinylation‐Based Pathways Act Inside Chloroplasts to Modulate Plant Photosynthesis and Immunity

Abstract

Crops must efficiently allocate their limited energy resources to survival, growth and reproduction, including balancing growth and defense. Thus, investigating the underlying molecular mechanism of crop under stress is crucial for breeding. Chloroplasts immunity is an important facet involving in plant resistance and growth, however, whether and how crop immunity modulated by chloroplast is influenced by epigenetic regulation remains unclear. Here, the cotton lysine 2‐hydroxyisobutyrylation (Khib) and succinylation (Ksuc) modifications are firstly identified and characterized, and discover that the chloroplast proteins are hit most. Both modifications are strongly associated with plant resistance to Verticillium dahliae, reflected by Khib specifically modulating PR and salicylic acid (SA) signal pathway and the identified GhHDA15 and GhSRT1 negatively regulating Verticillium wilt (VW) resistance via removing Khib and Ksuc. Further investigation uncovers that photosystem repair protein GhPSB27 situates in the core hub of both Khib‐ and Ksuc‐modified proteins network. The acylated GhPSB27 regulated by GhHDA15 and GhSRT1 can raise the D1 protein content, further enhancing plant biomass‐ and seed‐yield and disease resistance via increasing photosynthesis and by‐products of chloroplast‐derived reactive oxygen species (cROS). Therefore, this study reveals a mechanism balancing high disease resistance and high yield through epigenetic regulation of chloroplast protein, providing a novel strategy to crop improvements.

Identification and Functional Analysis of Lysine 2-Hydroxyisobutyrylation in Cyanobacteria

“…An accumulating body of evidence now confirms that the crosstalk among various PTMs has been known to play a crucial role in modulating protein function. , To determine the existence of a crosstalk of Khib with the other acylations in Syn7002, we performed a comparative analysis of 2-hydroxyisobutyrylome alongside the previously published acetylome, succinylome, and propionylome in Syn7002. ,, Our analysis revealed a potential crosstalk between Khib and the other PTMs, including Kac, Ksu, and Kpr in Syn7002 (Figure A and Table S10A). Interestingly, our results showed that only 66 proteins underwent exclusive Khib modification, while the remaining proteins underwent various other acylations.…”

“…It was initially identified in human and mouse histones, and H4K8hib was observed to be associated with gene transcription in male sperm meiotic cells . Recently, Khib has been reported in a number of eukaryotic and prokaryotic histones and nonhistone proteins, which have been widely implicated in diverse biological processes, including cellular transcription, energy metabolism, myocardial hypertrophy, and cancer metastasis. − In plants and bacteria, Khib could play important roles in stress responses. − These previous reports demonstrate that Khib occurs in a large number of proteins and influences diverse biological functions in all domains of life.…”

The role of semi-artificial photosynthetic systems in energy and environmental solutions: a critical review

“…This innovative system successfully achieved 20.6 nmol.mL -1 increased in photosynthetic nitrogen fixation and a 2.4-fold increase in ammonia production compared to the control group. Moreover, COE-IC contains an electron acceptor-donor-acceptor-type conjugated center, enabling efficient visible light absorption and exhibiting a high molar extinction coefficient (Chen et al, 2023a).…”

“…As a typical example, natural photosynthetic systems (NPS) based on green plants and algae, among other photosynthetic organisms, provide a blueprint for efficient solar energy utilization. These systems involve the assimilation of CO2 and H2O to produce organic matter and release O2, utilizing the absorption of solar energy by the chloroplasts of photosynthetic organisms (Chen et al, 2023a;Guirguis et al, 2023). As shown in Figure 1a, the NPS can typically be divided into two stages based on the requirement of light: light reactions and dark reactions.…”