Lysis of Erythrocytes by Silicate Minerals

Oscarson, D. W.

doi:10.1346/ccmn.1986.0340109

Cited by 24 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…However, as the calcite standard was non-reactive in both the haemolysis and alamarBlue® assays, it is unlikely that calcite content is solely responsible for the different reactivity of Spanish unprocessed and flux-calcined DE. The presence of clays may also have an effect, as some clays have been shown to be more haemolytic than crystalline silica [ 59 , 60 ]. However, the lack of clay in processed DE samples and the low reactivity of French, unprocessed samples, suggests that clay minerals are not the cause of DE induced toxicity.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The global variability of diatomaceous earth toxicity: a physicochemical and in vitro investigation

Nattrass

Horwell

Damby

et al. 2015

J Occup Med Toxicol

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BackgroundDiatomaceous earth (DE) is mined globally and is potentially of occupational respiratory health concern due to the high crystalline silica content in processed material. DE toxicity, in terms of variability related to global source and processing technique, is poorly understood. This study addresses this variability using physicochemical characterisation and in vitro toxicology assays.MethodsNineteen DE samples sourced from around the world, comprising unprocessed, calcined and flux-calcined DE, were analysed for chemical and mineral composition, particle size and morphology, and surface area. The potential toxicity of DE was assessed by its haemolytic capacity, and its ability to induce cytotoxicity or cytokine release by J774 macrophages.ResultsThe potential toxicity of DE varied with source and processing technique, ranging from non-reactive to as cytotoxic and haemolytic as DQ12. Crystalline silica-rich, flux-calcined samples were all unreactive, regardless of source. The potential toxicity of unprocessed and calcined samples was variable, and did not correlate with crystalline silica content. Calcium-rich phases, iron content, amorphous material, particle size and morphology all appeared to play a role in sample reactivity. An increased surface area was linked to an increased reactivity in vitro for some sample types.ConclusionsOverall, no single property of DE could be linked to its potential toxicity, but crystalline silica content was not a dominant factor. Occlusion of the potentially toxic crystalline silica surface by an amorphous matrix or other minerals and impurities in the crystal structure are suggested to pacify toxicity in these samples. In vivo verification is required, but these data suggest that crystalline silica content alone is not a sufficient indicator of the potential DE hazard.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12995-015-0064-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The global variability of diatomaceous earth toxicity: a physicochemical and in vitro investigation

Nattrass

Horwell

Damby

et al. 2015

J Occup Med Toxicol

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“…Data on this subject are not conclusive. Oscarson et al (1986) studied the effect of sepiolite and palygorskite on erythrocyte lysis. They found the two minerals to be lysing agents, and structural folding to reduce lysis, thereby suggesting that edge surfaces and silanol groups are important in the process, whereas elongate morphology appears to be irrelevant.…”

Section: Palygorskite and Sepiolite Clays And Health Hazardsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Properties and applications of palygorskite-sepiolite clays

1996

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The palygorskite-sepiolite group of clay minerals has a wide range of industrial applications derived mainly from its sorptive, rheological and catalytic properties which are based on the fabric, surface area, porosity, crystal morphology, structure and composition of these minerals. For assessing potential industrial uses, the mineralogical and chemical composition of the clay and its basic physical and physico-chemical parameters must be determined. Then some particular properties of commercial interest can be modified and improved by appropriate thermal, mechanical and acid treatments, surface active agents, organo-mineral derivatives formation, etc. In this paper, a revision of the principal characteristics of commercial palygorskite-sepiolite clays is presented, and potential uses are suggested according to these data. New products and applications are being investigated and those concerning environmental protection in particular, are noted. Finally, possible health effects of these elongate clay minerals are discussed.

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“…This is significant, as smectite was found to be one of the main contributors to podoconiosis prevalence in our recent geospatial study of soil characteristics in the same geographical area in Ethiopia ([ 9 ]). Smectites are known to be highly haemolytic in assays using sheep, bovine and human RBCs (e.g., [ 46 ],[ 47 ],[ 48 ],[ 49 ]). Other studies have shown the elevated HA of clays: kaolinite and bentonite (a montmorillonite-rich deposit, commonly formed from the weathering of volcanic ash) were found to be as haemolytic as crystalline silica (Min-U-Sil), whereas feldspar (a mineral commonly found in soil samples) was less haemolytic (e.g., [ 50 ]).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Haemolytic activity of soil from areas of varying podoconiosis endemicity in Ethiopia

et al. 2017

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BackgroundPodoconiosis, non-filarial elephantiasis, is a non-infectious disease found in tropical regions such as Ethiopia, localized in highland areas with volcanic soils cultivated by barefoot subsistence farmers. It is thought that soil particles can pass through the soles of the feet and taken up by the lymphatic system, leading to the characteristic chronic oedema of the lower legs that becomes disfiguring and disabling over time.MethodsThe close association of the disease with volcanic soils led us to investigate the characteristics of soil samples in an endemic area in Ethiopia to identify the potential causal constituents. We used the in vitro haemolysis assay and compared haemolytic activity (HA) with soil samples collected in a non-endemic region of the same area in Ethiopia. We included soil samples that had been previously characterized, in addition we present other data describing the characteristics of the soil and include pure phase mineral standards as comparisons.ResultsThe bulk chemical composition of the soils were statistically significantly different between the podoconiosis-endemic and non-endemic areas, with the exception of CaO and Cr. Likewise, the soil mineralogy was statistically significant for iron oxide, feldspars, mica and chlorite. Smectite and kaolinite clays were widely present and elicited a strong HA, as did quartz, in comparison to other mineral phases tested, although no strong difference was found in HA between soils from the two areas. The relationship was further investigated with principle component analysis (PCA), which showed that a combination of an increase in Y, Zr and Al2O3, and a concurrent increase Fe2O3, TiO2, MnO and Ba in the soils increased HA.ConclusionThe mineralogy and chemistry of the soils influenced the HA, although the interplay between the components is complex. Further research should consider the variable biopersistance, hygroscopicity and hardness of the minerals and further characterize the nano-scale particles.

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Lysis of Erythrocytes by Silicate Minerals

Cited by 24 publications

References 18 publications

The global variability of diatomaceous earth toxicity: a physicochemical and in vitro investigation

The global variability of diatomaceous earth toxicity: a physicochemical and in vitro investigation

Properties and applications of palygorskite-sepiolite clays

Haemolytic activity of soil from areas of varying podoconiosis endemicity in Ethiopia

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