“…While emphasizing the fact that efficient market theory is based on a timely incorporation of relevant information into asset prices, authors distinguish three forms of market efficiency (Roberts, 1959;Fama, 1970): (i) a weak form where the available information concerns only the historical prices and market's past behavior (Sensoy et al, 2017), (ii) a semi-strong form in which the information sequence is rather composed by publicly released information (earnings surprises, rating publications, credit events, M&A announcements, financial accounts disclosure...) (Zhang and Zhang, 2013;Norden and Weber, 2004;da Silva et al, 2015;Jenkins et al, 2016;Kiesel et al, 2016;Norden, 2017), and (iii) a strong form in which the information set made of pertinent private information -initially held by investors or financial groups in a monopolistic way -that have been recently released.…”