M‐mode Echocardiographic Reference Values in Cats in the First Three Months of Life

Abstract

Thirty-five young cats were studied by echocardiography from the 2nd to 12th weeks of life to analyze correlation between body weight, body surface area, age and heart rate with fourteen echocardiographic parameters. There was a positive linear correlation (r = 0.49-0.78) between the independent variables (body weight, body surface area, age) and left ventricular wall thickness and diameter, aortic diameter and left atrial diameter, whereas there was a negative correlation (r = -0.39 and r = -0.43) between the heart rate and left ventricular diameter during systole and diastole. No linear dependence of the fractional shortening, ejection fraction, percentage thickening of the interventricular septum and left ventricular posterior wall, LA/AO ratio, and the ratio IVSED/LVWED to the independent variables was observed.

Echocardiographic variables in healthy guineapigs anaesthetized with ketamine–xylazine

“…Like the FS, it was not dependent of the guineapigs' body weight (Table 2). In agreement with other findings (Lombard 1984, Schille & Skrodzki 1999, the EF did not correlate with body weight in the present study. Further studies are necessary to validate the significance and validity of EF measurements in guineapigs.…”

“…This seems to be useful, because body weight is a variable that can be determined more easily and more accurately than age or surface area in animals (Schille & Skrodzki 1999). The results of the present study demonstrate the significant linear relationship between increase in body weight and increase in cardiac dimension for several Table 3 for the regression equation Table 3 for the regression equation (Lombard 1984), and IVST and LVPW (Philip et al 1985), and LA in cats (Allen 1982).…”

Two-dimensional, M-mode and Doppler-derived echocardiographic parameters in sedated healthy growing female sheep

“…In other studies in cats 26 and calves, 27 the left ventricle diameters have been significantly correlated with BW or BSA. In dogs [24][25][26][27][28] the left ventricle internal diameter doubles its dimension during the first two months of age and then slowly grows until the 7th month. 29 In Spanish foals the left ventricular chamber increases its diameter until 91-180 days in females, and only after 270 days in males.…”

M-mode echocardiography measurements of healthy Brazilian random bred cats

“…In the present study, the mean EF was 85.74% ± 7.25 (c. v 8%). In most reports, the EF was not determined (Fox et al, 1985;Moise et al, 1986;Sisson et al, 1991), and there is no reference value established for adult cats (Moise et al, 1986;Sisson et al, 1991;Branquinho et al, 2010;Boon, 2011;Côté et al, 2011;Häggström et al, 2016); however, for growing kittens from two to 11 weeks of age, the reference EF measurement ranged from 61% to 87% (Schille & Skrodzki, 1999). According to Morcef (2001), a subjective analysis performed by an experienced echocardiographer is the best EF evaluation; however, an objective parameter can avoid biases and help less experienced echocardiographers to properly evaluate EF.…”