“…QR codes can be used to store text, video, advertisement, personal information, URL, business card information or any type of digital information. As mobile technologies are booming, QR codes are being used for various purposes such as for accessing information on the web, for discount coupons, for interacting with social media, for mobile marketing, smart labelling (Ramalho, et al, 2018), for tickets (Kadge, et al, 2017), and for enhancing government service (Lorenzi, et al, 2014), amongst others. NFC is an alternative for contactless interaction (validation of tickets), however it may not be available on all smart phones.…”