“…Simulation of physical process on ad hoc or continuous basis process simulation [63], automated simulation model generation, [64] Digital model richness Robustness, resilience, self-adaption, fidelity of virtual model Robustness, resilience, self-adaption, fidelity [44], DT fidelity [53], fidelity [61], DT behaviour model [37], high-fidelity of DTs [64] Human interaction Bridging human and machine Human-machine collaboration [5], bridges a human user and robot [25] Product life-cycle Product design, manufacturing and service Service stage: service, data analytics [38], Full product life-cycle management [37,63,65], Manufacturing stage: fault prediction [3], predicting energy efficiency [37], predictive maintenance, feature extraction [30] Figure 16 shows contribution of ML-based DT in manufacturing PLM. ML-based DT is marginally used in full product life-cycle management [37,63,65]. Conversely, in 92.68% of cases, ML-based DT is used for the product manufacturing stage.…”