Macrobenthos: before, during and after a fish farm

Johannessen, Per; Botnen, H.; Tvedten, Øyvind F.

doi:10.1111/j.1365-2109.1994.tb00666.x

Cited by 19 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…In the first few months post-farming the cage conditions were affected and the community was dominated by 2 polychaete species, Capitella capitata and Malacoceros tripartitus; both are opportunists able to tolerate extremely high levels of organic carbon and increased sedimentation rates (e.g. Johannessen et al 1994;Levin 2000). Although C. capitata and M. tripartitus initially defined the cage communities, after 12 mo both species were almost absent from the cage communities, indicating improved environmental conditions.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…returned to reference community structure) after 36 mo (Macleod et al 2004), and complete recovery can take many months (e.g. Johannessen et al 1994, Pereira et al 2004 or even years (Karakassis et al 1999, Brooks et al 2003. Given that complete recovery requires the full re-establishment of the community that existed before the disturbance, how quickly this occurs will be determined by the nature and resilience of the natural background community (Bonsdorff 1989) and will take as long as the life cycle of the longest-lived taxa in that community.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Ecological and functional changes associated with long-term recovery from organic enrichment

MacLeod¹,

Moltschaniwskyj²,

Crawford³

2008

Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser.

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The recovery of a soft sediment benthic invertebrate community from high levels of organic enrichment was evaluated after removal of farmed fish at an Atlantic salmon Salmo salar culture site in southeast Tasmania. Although the pattern of recovery followed established successional principles, after 36 mo neither communities under or at the edge of cages, nor communities 10 m from the edge of the cage, had attained a structure equivalent to that of the reference communities. In the first few months there was little evidence of recovery and the community was dominated by species characteristic of impacted conditions. After 12 mo the system had markedly improved, containing a diverse range of species with functional roles similar to those of the reference sites. Once the ecological function of the sediment was restored, subsequent changes in the community structure were relatively minor, simply reflecting the addition of rarer species with longer reproductive cycles and/or larval stages with a greater sensitivity to the negative effects of organic enrichment. These species may be significant where specific community changes, loss of diversity or the possibility of species extinction are the critical issues. However, restoration of system function may be a more useful indicator of generalized recovery from organic enrichment than of community equivalence.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ecological and functional changes associated with long-term recovery from organic enrichment

MacLeod¹,

Moltschaniwskyj²,

Crawford³

2008

Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser.

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“…reference) and other reference locations not impacted through fish farming activities in Norwegian fjords (Kutti et al 2007b, Valdemarsen et al 2012. Other studies investigating the recovery of soft sediment habitats have reported complete biological remediation within a mere 6 mo of fallowing onset , while other studies have demonstrated that more than 6 mo and in some cases as long as 3 to 4 yr are needed for soft sediment habitats to fully recover post-farming (Johannessen et al 1994, Brooks et al 2004, Macleod et al 2006, Lin & Bailey-Brock 2008, Aguado-Giménez et al 2012.…”

Section: The Effects Of Fallowingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Changes in benthic sediment conditions under an Atlantic salmon farm at a deep, well-flushed coastal site

Bannister

Valdemarsen

Hansen

et al. 2014

Aquacult. Environ. Interact.

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Along the Norwegian coastline, it is predicted that salmonid aquaculture will rapidly expand in the coming years, exceeding current production levels of 1.3 million t in 2012. This will result in increased interactions with both local and regional environments, thus more knowledge is urgently needed to better risk-manage a rapid expansion. We investigated changes in the benthic sediment condition in association with an Atlantic salmon farm sited at a deep, well-flushed coastal site in western Norway. Benthic fluxes of O 2 , total carbon dioxide (TCO 2 ) and NH 4 + intensified over the production cycle, when farming activity and the sedimentation of carbon and nitrogen was at its maximum. During the sampling campaign, benthic fluxes of O 2 , TCO 2 and NH 4 + at the farming location were higher than those measured at a nearby reference location. Stimulation of benthic fluxes over the production cycle at the farming location were most likely driven by changes in benthic faunal community structure, abundance and biomass. High abundances of opportunistic species (i.e. Capitella capitata, Heteromastus filiformis, Paramphinome jeffreysii, Abra nitida and Thyasira sarsii) dominated the farming location, whilst the sediment biogeochemistry was stable throughout the study period at both locations. However, despite differences in benthic fluxes and fauna structure over the production cycle, the input of organic carbon and nitrogen did not exceed the mineralisation capacity of a deep, well-flushed, fish farming location.

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“…The spatial extent of the transitional zone may vary, depending on a Corresponding author: e.mente@abdn.ac.uk the hydrography and bathymetry of the area (Giles 2008). While early studies suggested that the transitional zone extended from 15 m to 40 m away from the cages (e.g., Brown et al 1987;Gowen et al 1988), more recently effects on the benthic community have been detected at distances of 150 m (Weston 1990) and 250 m (Johannessen et al 1994). Thus, effects of aquaculture installations on benthic communities can extend a considerable distance from the cages.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mesoscale effects of aquaculture installations on benthic and epibenthic communities in four Scottish sea lochs

Mente

Martin

Tuck

et al. 2010

Aquat. Living Resour.

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-The broad-scale effects of salmon farming on benthic and epibenthic macrofaunal communities of four Scottish sea lochs (Kishorn, Duich, Hourn and Nevis) with different aquaculture loadings were investigated based on the first benthic surveys to be undertaken in these lochs. Significant variation in the benthic communities was identified between lochs, mainly related to differences in the abundance of echinoderms and polychaetes (the dominant components of the benthic communities). Variance partitioning using partial redundancy analysis suggested that approximately 9.6% of this variation could be related to aquaculture activity in the lochs (as expressed through "production" and previously modelled "impact" levels), as compared to 20.6% attributable to measured environmental factors. Epibenthic communities were dominated by echinoderms and arthropods and there was no significant between-loch variation in epibenthic community composition. No significant differences were apparent in the benthic or epibenthic community assemblages between samples taken within 2000 m of a fish farm and those taken beyond this distance. In general, our results support previous studies suggesting a spatially limited impact of salmon culture installations on the benthos, although impacts on the aquatic food web on a wide spatial scale cannot be ruled out and the link between benthic community variation and aquaculture variables identified through variance partitioning requires further investigation.

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Macrobenthos: before, during and after a fish farm

Cited by 19 publications

References 12 publications

Ecological and functional changes associated with long-term recovery from organic enrichment

Ecological and functional changes associated with long-term recovery from organic enrichment

Changes in benthic sediment conditions under an Atlantic salmon farm at a deep, well-flushed coastal site

Mesoscale effects of aquaculture installations on benthic and epibenthic communities in four Scottish sea lochs

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