Macroeconomic Determinants of Urbanization in Pakistan

Abstract

Urbanization refers to the migration of rural people to urban centers in search of better jobs. Urbanization and growth go together; no country has ever reached middle-income status without a significant population shift into cities. Urbanization has strong association with unemployment, economic growth, poverty, infrastructure, crimes, health, socioeconomic conditions and education. In 2050, most of the urban population of the world will be concentrated in Asia (52%) and in Africa (21%). A simple and modest model provided reasonable results. Increase in literacy is a decisive factor that has significant impact on increasing urban population. Per capita GDP growth also positively influences the urban population. Age-structure is too an important determinant of migration and urbanization. It is an open secret that generally young persons have gone abroad. Specification and diagnostics test supported the model which reveals appropriateness and statistical soundness of the model. Serious heed is paid to delimitation of cities to make them manageable and governable. Agriculture is provided sufficient resources to discourage migration to cities.

Climate change and pro-environmental behaviours: the significant environmental challenges of livelihoods

“…The relationship among the individuals recognizes them with unique culture (Tayeb, 2011). In all, 44.15% of people are Punjabis, 15.42% Pushtoons, 14.1% Sindhi, 10.53% Serakis, 7.57% Urdu-speaking or Muhajirs, 3.57% Balocuhis and 4.66% others (Afzal et al. , 2018; Latif and Yu, 2020).…”

“…The relationship among the individuals recognizes them with unique culture (Tayeb, 2011). In all, 44.15% of people are Punjabis, 15.42% Pushtoons, 14.1% Sindhi, 10.53% Serakis, 7.57% Urdu-speaking or Muhajirs, 3.57% Balocuhis and 4.66% others (Afzal et al, 2018;Latif and Yu, 2020). The interface between locals and invaders had given birth to a common language called Urdu; nevertheless, the locals kept their specific ethnic and cultural values alive.…”

An empirical investigation of socio-economic impacts of agglomeration economies in major cities of Punjab, Pakistan

“…In Pakistan, with rising migration towards urban areas, various macroeconomic and socioeconomic problems such as urban poverty, overpopulation, environmental pollution, deprivation of education and health, poor sanitation, over-crowded housing, congested traffic, road accidents, and crimes are increasing (Afzal et al, 2018;Latif & Yu, 2020; A. U. Khan et al, 2016).…”

“…Among agglomerations variables, population density has a significantly negative impact on economic condition in the long-run. A high population density challenges economic, administrative and civic amenities of cities, and cause socioeconomic problems (Afzal et al, 2018;Imran et al, 2013). The number of factories also shows a negative impact on economic condition.…”

A CLIOS Analysis for the Promotion of Sustainable Plans of Mobility: The Case of Mexico City

“…Hence, the element type as well as the characterization of the individual links for the identified four physical subsystems of our case study, can be appreciated in Figures 5-8. Nevertheless, it should be noted that the following figures are the result of an extensive literature review process where several works have been consulted [4,51,[64][65][66][67], [69][70][71][72][73][74][75][76][77][78][79] and interlinks have been created, where at first were not obvious. Another very important issue that needs to be taken into account within the CLIOS diagram development is the nature of the links that interconnect each element.…”