Macroelement modeling of piles in cohesive soil subjected to combined lateral and axial loading

Combined loading of RC pile groups in clay accounting for N–M interaction

“…With a few recent exceptions (e.g., [40,41]), pile group response under combined (V − H − M) loading has received much less attention. Under such combined loading, three resisting mechanisms are mobilized: (a) axial pile loading (M ax ); (b) pile bending (M b ); and pilecap resistance (M cap ).…”

“…Especially in the context of existing pile group retrofit, such N− M interaction can be of major significance. With the exception of some relatively recent studies (e.g., [40,42]), RC piles are commonly assumed elastic, or simulated with nonlinear beams, on the basis of moment-curvature (M − c) relations, ignoring the axial load dependency of pile bending moment capacity (M p ).…”

Generalised ultimate loads for pile groups

“…In this regard, some formulations were proposed for foundation piles considering a three-axial load pattern including a vertical load, a horizontal load and a moment acting in a vertical plane of the foundation (in-plane load path). These studies, primarily based on pushover numerical analyses of specific soil-piles systems [10,11,18,19], demonstrated the dependence of the ultimate capacity of the group on the direction of the resultant load and the essential role played by the inelastic response of the piles. Afterwards, Di Laora et al [33] proposed an analytical solution for the bearing capacity of pile groups under vertical eccentric loads able to describe the in-plane failure surface.…”